Teachers' toolkit for creating and re-purposing OER using FOSS/Audio and Video OER

As teachers, you would no doubt appreciate the effectiveness of an audio visual communication. The audio visual format allows expression by people and this is useful for those who may have an inhibition in expressing themselves in written forms. How liberating it might be for a student struggling with the letters to be able to express a piece of creativity with an audio recording! Other than as forms of expression, an audio visual communication can be an effective form of digital story telling and creating community stories around people, events and institutions. With devices like mobiles and sound recorders, creating audio and even video files is becoming easier and more common. Getting familiar with different FOSS tools for creating, re-purposing and publishing audio and video OER can be very useful.

In this chapter, you will learn how to create and re-purpose audio and video OER. You will learn

1. about popular repositories for accessing audio and video OER
2. how to create audio resources using your audio recorder (in your mobile phone)
3. how to edit audio resources using an audio editor (Audacity)
4. how to create video resources using your video recorder (in your mobile phone)
5. how to create simple video resource using a screen-casting tool (RecordMyDesktop)
6. how to edit video resources using a video editor (OpenShot)
7. how to embed / insert links to audio and video resources in a text document (LibreOffice Writer)
8. Inserting links to audio and video resources in a ‘slide presentation’ (LibreOffice Impress)

Accessing audio OER repositories

Freesound is an audio OER repository. You can search for sounds in this repository. Soundcloud is also an audio repository. As in the case of text and image resources, you will need to check the copyright of the audio you want to re-use. Refer to the section on OER in this toolkit if required.

You can use a search engine such as Google search engine or DuckDuckGo search engine, using a FOSS web browser such as Mozilla Firefox to search the web for audio resources. In the search engine, you would need to specify "videos" as a filter for search results.

When you visit the site or check a specific resource, you need to look for copyright information to ascertain that the audio resource is OER and you can re-use it. If the resource is not explicitly declared to be an OER (allowing you to re-use), you should not use it in creating your OER. The search for audio OER is can be made easier by providing OER as a criteria in your search itself.

Accessing video OER repositories

1. Youtube is a popular repository for videos, it contains both OER and non OER videos. It is the largest collection of videos in the world. Note that as per Youtube terms of use, unless you see a “download” or similar link displayed by YouTube on that page, you should not download. But you could use a third party add-on available in Mozilla Firefox to download videos, which are licensed under creative commons. Wikimedia is another resource for various media -including audio and video.
2. There are other OER video sources too, you can visit, such as Vimeo . Wikipedia has a list of educational video websites. A google search on ‘OER Videos’ will also give you a list of sites to explore.

The following images show you how to filter videos on Youtube by license.

Image 1 - Selection of CC videos in Youtube

You can enter your topic name in the search bar in Youtube to search for videos on that topic. To get videos which you can re-use, you need to click on the ‘Filter’ link on the Youtube page and select ‘Creative Commons’ (image 1), with this step you will see videos that have the CC license (are OER).

Image 2 - Downloading of videos in Youtube

You can click on the video, this will open the video and it will begin playing. You can download the video by clicking on the download link below the video (image 2). You can download in different formats.

Creating audio resources using your audio recorder

You can record an audio clip using your mobile phone itself, using any audio recording app, such as ‘Audio Recorder’. You can copy the audio file from your phone to your computer for editing and re-mixing to create OER. While recording, make sure that no copyright music or sound is playing in the background. We have recorded a short interview with a teacher on why Digital Storytelling is important, using a mobile phone(image 3). We have copied this audio clip to our computer, by connecting the mobile phone to the computer with a data cable and renamed the file as ‘Interview - why Digital Storytelling.’

Image 3 - Click to listen to the audio.

Editing audio resources using audio editor - Audacity

Image 4 - Opening Audacity

Just like text or image, audio clips can also be edited. Audacity is a audio editing software that you can use to edit your audio clips. Audacity is a simple yet powerful application for audio editing. You can also use it to record audio.

Open Audacity on your computer, through Applications → Sound and Video → Audacity (image 4). To edit an audio file, we will need to ‘import’ the audio we have (of the teacher interview) into Audacity.

Image 5 - Importing audio file into Audacity

To import audio, click on File → Import → Audio and select your audio file (image 5). Audacity is very powerful audio editor, with many sophisticated features. For advanced features, refer to the user manual and tutorials. However, we will learn a few commonly used functions, in audio editing, which are useful to teachers in creating and re-purposing OER:

1. Moving a selection of audio to rearrange audio
2. Adding a background music track to an audio
3. Reducing background noise levels

Moving and combining audio clips

Image - 6 Selecting a audio clip to move

Once you import an audio clip it will appear in Audacity like this; it is called an audio track. Just like you can cut (or copy) paste a selection of text in a text document, you can cut (or copy) and paste a selection of audio in an audio file (image 6). You can use this function to remove any part of the audio clip you do not want. You can move a part of a clip from one place to another (for instance if you want to re-order responses in an interview) (image 7 and 8).

You can also delete a part of the clip also using the same functionality.

Image 7 - Cut the selection part from the audio clip

Image 8 - Pasting selected audio clip

Listen to the following clips - the original interview on Digital Story Telling (image 9) and the edited clip (image 10). Can you tell the difference?

Image 9 - Original teacher interview Audio	Image 10 - Edited teacher interview

Using audacity we have selected a part of the audio track and moved this part.

Adding background music

You may want to add background music to an audio recording. It is easy to do this with Audacity. You will add a second track, to which you will add the background music by clicking in File -> Import -> Audio (image 11). We can add as many tracks as we want, with one audio file per track (image 12) by repeating the importing option.

Image 11 - Adding second track in Audacity for background music

Image 12 - Added multiple tracks

Image 13 - Teacher interview with background music

Amplifying sound

While editing an audio, you may find it necessary to adjust the sound levels in individual tracks. You can use the ‘amplify’ function to increase or reduce the sound level in a track. Select Effect -> Amplify. Reduce the amplification by moving the slider leftward (image 14. Increase the amplification by moving the slider rightward.

Image 14 - Reducing sound amplification

Image 15 - Audio file with amplification (sound reduced)

You may have an audio recording where there is some unwanted disturbance throughout, such as traffic sounds. You can use the ‘Noise Reduction’ function in Audacity to reduce the background noise.

Exporting the Audacity project to create audio output file

After completing your editing tasks, select File → Export and select the file format as .ogg and click export (image 16), to create an output audio file in the .ogg format.

You can also save the Audacity project, for this select File → Save.

This will save the work done as an Audacity project. You can go back to this file (using File -> Open) to continue editing

Image 16 - Exporting Audacity project to create audio output file

Audacity is particularly useful for a language teacher to create audio resources for language learning.

Creating video resources

Creating video resources using your video recorder

You can record a video clip using your mobile phone itself, using the camera on the phone. While recording the video, take care to ensure that you are not shooting copyright materials or private spaces. You can copy the video file from your phone to your computer for editing and re-mixing to create OER.

Creating a video resource using a screen-casting tool - RecordMyDesktop

Screen casting is also a very simple yet powerful way of creating a video resource. The RecordMyDesktop software records the computer output display as the video and audio (image 18). This can be used to record the functioning of a software or any educational application. In addition to the audio played on the computer as part of the running of the application, additional audio spoken and provided as an input to the computer can also be recorded as a part of the video.

There are some powerful ways of using this tool for creating video OER:

1. You could "slideshow" your presentations or play your images and add a narration to it to explain further. This can be shared as supplementary materials for your class and can be used by students who need reinforcement, review of lessons.
2. You may have used a particular software or educational application to demonstrate a concept in class. You could use the screencast application to re-create the lesson by recording your description of the activity and sharing with students.
3. One of the important ways of editing a video, is to dub it. In a teaching setting, you may want to use an existing video, and voice over it to add explanations to reflect the language and learning context of your class; this can be done quite effectively using the screencast application.

Make sure you are not displaying copyright material on the screen when recording the video. If you record any copyright material in the video, it will be a copyright violation. Select Applications → Sound & Video → RecordMyDesktop (image 17) to open Record My Desktop.

Image 17 - Opening Record my Desktop

Image 18 - RecordMyDesktop main window

Configuring record my desktop application

There are different settings that you can choose for recording on screencast software based on the kind of content you are capturing on the content as well as method of sharing and publishing. Here are some pointers for changing the settings.

Image 19 - Adjusting video quality in RecordMyDesktop

Image 20 - RecordMyDesktop select area to record

You can define the audio and video quality of your recording by moving the slider shown. A higher quality video means a larger file (image19) so, you would need to decide based on the content as well as the intended use (if the video is to be published, it may be better to have a smaller output filse size). A quality of 50% is good enough for most purposes and will keep file size lower). You can also click on Advanced--->Performance to adjust the frame per second to adjust video quality.

You can also select the window of the screen which you want to record. Click on Select window (image 20), you will be asked to grab the area to select. You can select only that part of the screen that you want to record. This is useful if you are opening photos or playing a video on only part of your screen and want to record that part only.

Recording and exporting

Image 21 - Recording video using RecordMyDesktop	Image 22 - Exporting output file on RecordMyDesktop
When you click on Record button, desktop recording will start (image 21). The recording can be paused and resumed at any time, by right clicking on the RecordMyDesktop icon in the top panel and selecting Pause (and later Resume when you want to continue recording). Clicking on ‘Stop’ will stop the recording and initiate the export of the video output.	We need to wait till the export is completed, to get the output file (image 22). If we close the process before, we will lose the output file. The output file will be saved in your "Home" folder by default, with .OGV format. The file will usually have a name like ‘out.ogv’, however you can use the ‘save as’ button on the RecordMyDesktop screen to give a file name.

Editing video resources

Dubbing a video using Record My Desktop

One of the most common ways of editing a video is to dub it in another language. For instance, you may find many OER videos where the language or accent is not easy to understand and you may want to change the language of narration to your own native language, to make the video more useful to your students.

To dub a video using record my desktop , you need to set the sound settings on your computer to ‘mute’ (no output). Then start record my desktop application and play the video. As the video plays, read out your script. The audio read out by you will be combined with the video being shown on the screen to create the video in your language.

We have taken a video of a teacher speaking in Kannada about a program he has been a part of, and dubbed it in English.

Video - Original in Kannada

Video - Dubbed to English

You could try this with any OER video you like, which is in accented English spoken in the USA or UK and dub it with your own voice, in English or your native language. The effectiveness of this editing will depend on how well you have prepared the script to match the original video.

Using video editor (OpenShot) to reuse videos

You may also want to edit your videos in other ways - including adding narration to specific parts, adding textual information, adding subtitles, photographs or adding music or additional sounds. Open Shot Video editor is is a simple yet powerful application that allows you to do these things. Just like in Audacity, when you use Open Shot editor, your video or audio clips will be shown as tracks and by moving and combining, you can edit the files as needed.

Open OpenShot on your computer, through Applications → Sound and Video → OpenShot (image 23). Import your video into OpenShot through File → Open and select your video file (image 24). You can also add images or audios that you want to add to the video by importing these as tracks.

Image 23 - Opening OpenShot video editor from menu

Image 24 - Import video into OpenShot

This software is very powerful with many sophisticated features (for advanced features, refer to the user manual and tutorials) . However, we will learn a few commonly used functions, in video editing, which are useful to teachers in creating and re-purposing OER:

1. Moving a selection of video and combining
2. Adding a slide (this can be used for sub-titling as well)
3. Adding fade in and fade out
4. Adding a transition

Moving a selection of video

We saw earlier that audio clip can be cut and pasted like text documents. A similar moving and combining is possible for video clips also. You can do this in Open Shot video editor application, by cutting (image 25) and using drag and drop options of the video file. You can also delete a part of the clip also using delete key from the keyboard (or right click and remove clip) and remove any part of the video clip you do not want. You can move a part of a clip (image 26) from one place to another (for instance if you want to re-order responses in an interview).

Image 25 - Cutting video clip by using cut tool

Image 26 - Moving a video clip by dragging and draping

To demonstrate this we have edited a video where two teachers (one male and second female) are speaking about their work in integrating technology in their subject teaching (image 27). (Author of video - IT for Change). We have used this option to move the interview of the male teacher after the interview of the female teacher (image28). Watch the two videos below.

Image 27 - Original video	Image 28 - Edited video where interviews are interchanged

Adding a slide

Often you want to add images or text to a video. These can be inserted as slides. By inserting the slides at different times in the track, we can add images or text to a video. To demonstrate this, we have worked with our video of teachers and introduced a title slide introducing each teacher before they begin speaking. You can add slides as required to introduce your own narrative in your video to practice.

Adding image slide into video track

Video - See video where two introducing slides have been added

Sub-titling existing videos

Sub-titles or provide your native language text as sub-titles to this video clip. First we have to create our new subtitle file by selecting Title -> create new title.

Opening title creation window

Here, in the left side select style of your sub-title (we have selected Footer3 - this will give my sub-title in the footer area) and click on create new Title.

Adding a sub-title in a video

You should give a name for your sub-title file, then enter the text you want as the subtitle, and click Apply. This sub title text will be added to your project file.

Adding the subtitle text file into the new track (second track).

Video - See the video where we have added subtitle

Adding fade in and fade out

By adding fade-in and fade-out for the clips, it will smoothly changing the slides from one to next. You should right click your mouse, on the slide and select Fade -> Fade in or Fade Out as per the requirement. This fade in / fade out will effect for both audio and video.

Adding fade in, fade out for slides and for video clips.

Adding a transition

You may want to add a 'transition' in your video, to introduce a new section. For instance you are moving between showing an interview of a person, and visuals of a program and want to have a separation between the two, introducing a transition every time you switch will make the video easier to follow. You can do this selecting Transition, you will see icons of different transitions. Select one transition and drag-drop it on the video, at the spot you want to introduce the transition.

Adding transition (different effects) into the track.

Video - In this video we have added transition in 0.35 sec time frame.

You should create audio and video resources for your topic. You could interview key resource persons on the topic, or even have a panel discussion amongst experts. You could interview practitioners and laypersons as well. Edit the audio to make it crisp, clear and coherent. Save the audio files in your personal digital library, you could save in a sub folder called 'Audio documents'.

You can record videos using your phone, or through RecordMyDesktop. The interviews mentioned above can be video recordings as well. You can bring together a series of images and add your own audio narrative to make a video, using either RecordMyDesktop or OpenShot editor. Edit the videos to make it crisp, clear and coherent. Add background music, transition slides as required. Save the video files in your personal digital library, you could save in a sub folder called 'Video documents'.

Different resource formats can be accessed together

Inserting links to audio and video resources in a text document (LibreOffice Writer)

We saw earlier that you can add images to a text document. In the video, we have added text and image as well. It is also possible to provide links and references to an audio / video file in a text document to provide a multimedia experience to the reader. There is an important difference between images and audio/video when integrating with a text document. While an image is embedded within the text document, an audio or video file resides out of the text document in a file folder and is separately accessed to play. This is done by inserting a hyper-link to the audio file or video file in your computer, to the document. Clicking on this link will access the audio/ video and play it. While publishing on a web page though, it is possible for different formats to be displayed on a single page. We saw earlier that file links and hyper links can be added to a text document; we use the same approach to link an audio/ video.

To try this, we will open our 'Learning Digital Story Telling.odt' and insert a hyper-link to the audio interview with an expert on Digital Storytelling. We begin by creating a section called 'Interview with an expert on digital storytelling' and enter the text "An interview with an expert on digital storytelling is available here". We will select the text 'here' and then (step 1) select Insert -> Hyperlink. In the window that opens, we need to (step 2) click on the 'Document' icon on the left frame, and then (step 3) click on the folder icon on the form, to select the path (location) of the audio file and the file. We will see the hyper link in the text file (step 4).

step 1 - Inserting a hyper-link in a text document

step 2 - Inserting hyper link to audio file on your computer - selecting 'Document' icon and 'path'

step 3 - Inserting hyper link to audio file on your computer - selecting the audio file

step 4 - Inserting hyper link to audio file on your computer - hyper link in the document

If you 'control-click' on this link (that is press control and simultaneously press the mouse left click), the link will play the audio file on your computer. You can follow an identical process to insert a link to a video file on your computer.

Inserting links in a ‘slide presentation’ format (LibreOffice Impress)

Inserting a hyperlink to a video file in a slide presentation

Inserting links in your slide presentation document, to file on your computer, is identical to the process followed in LibreOffice Writer. We have inserted a hyper-link to a video file on our computer "Interview with two teachers of the Subject Teacher Forum program - with transition.ogg" in the slide, to the word 'Video' in the slide presentation. In the 'normal slide view', you will need to 'control-click' to open the video. In the 'Slide Show' view, simply clicking on the link will play the video.

Work on your text document and slide presentation. The text document can be a detailed and rich explanation for the topic you have chosen, while the slide presentation can be a crisp outline of the main points you want to communicate about. Insert, as relevant, images as well as hyper links to web pages, audio and video files on your computer, to make an interesting narrative on the topic. Read the documents multiple times, to review and refine. Request your colleagues to also read and review it and offer feedback. The 'review-revise' loop is an important and iterative one that makes for a good quality OER!! 

Alternative applications and alternative platforms

Please refer to Annexure, for a list of equivalent Free and Open Source Software applications on the GNU/Linux, Microsoft Windows and Android (Mobile phone) platforms and on the web.