Teachers' toolkit for creating and re-purposing OER using FOSS/Audio and Video OER

As teachers, you would no doubt appreciate the effectiveness of an audio visual communication. The audio visual format allows expression by people and this is useful for those who may have an inhibition in expressing themselves in written forms. How liberating it might be for a student struggling with the letters to be able to express a piece of creativity with an audio recording! Other than as forms of expression, an audio visual communication can be an effective form of digital story telling and creating community stories around people, events and institutions. With devices like mobiles and sound recorders, creating audio and even video files is becoming easier and more common. Getting familiar with different FOSS tools for creating, re-purposing and publishing audio and video OER can be very useful.

In this chapter, you will learn how to create and re-purpose audio and video OER. You will learn

1. about popular repositories for accessing audio and video OER
2. how to create audio resources using your audio recorder (in your mobile phone)
3. how to edit audio resources using an audio editor (Audacity)
4. how to create video resources using your video recorder (in your mobile phone)
5. how to create simple video resource using a screen-casting tool (RecordMyDesktop)
6. how to edit video resources using a video editor (OpenShot)
7. how to embed / insert links to audio and video resources in a text document (LibreOffice Writer)
8. Inserting links to audio and video resources in a ‘slide presentation’ (LibreOffice Impress)

Accessing audio OER repositories

Freesound is an audio OER repository. You can search for sounds in this repository. Soundcloud is also an audio repository. As in the case of text and image resources, you will need to check the copyright of the audio you want to re-use.

You can use a search engine such as Google search engine or DuckDuckGo search engine, using a FOSS web browser such as Mozilla Firefox to search the web for audio resources. In the search engine, you would need to specify "videos" as a filter for search results.

When you visit the site or check a specific resource, you need to look for copyright information to ascertain that the audio resource is OER and you can re-use it. If the resource is not explicitly declared to be an OER (allowing you to re-use), you should not use it in creating your OER. The search for audio OER is can be made easier by providing OER as a criteria in your search itself.

Accessing video OER repositories

1. Youtube is a popular repository for videos, it contains both OER and non OER videos. It is the largest collection of videos in the world. Note that as per Youtube terms of use, unless you see a “download” or similar link displayed by YouTube on that page, you should not download. But you could use a third party add-on available in Mozilla Firefox to download videos, which are licensed under creative commons. Wikimedia is another resource for various media -including audio and video.
2. There are other OER video sources too, you can visit, such as Vimeo . Wikipedia has a list of educational video websites. A google search on ‘OER Videos’ will also give you a list of sites to explore.

The following images show you how to filter videos on Youtube by license.

Selection of CC videos in Youtube	Downloading of videos in Youtube
You can enter your topic name in the search bar in Youtube to search for videos on that topic. To get videos which you can re-use, you need to click on the ‘Filter’ link on the Youtube page and select ‘Creative Commons’, with this step you will see videos that have the CC license (are OER).	You can click on the video, this will open the video and it will begin playing. You can download the video by clicking on the download link below the video. You can download in different formats.

Creating audio resources using your audio recorder

You can record an audio clip using your mobile phone itself, using any audio recording app, such as ‘Audio Recorder’. You can copy the audio file from your phone to your computer for editing and re-mixing to create OER. While recording, make sure that no copyright music or sound is playing in the background. We have recorded a short interview with a teacher on why Digital Storytelling is important, using a mobile phone. We have copied this audio clip to our computer, by connecting the mobile phone to the computer with a data cable and renamed the file as ‘Interview - why Digital Storytelling.’

Click to listen to the audio.

Editing audio resources using audio editor - Audacity

Opening Audacity

Just like text or image, audio clips can also be edited. Audacity is a audio editing software that you can use to edit your audio clips. Audacity is a simple yet powerful application for audio editing. You can also use it to record audio.

Open Audacity on your computer, through Applications → Sound and Video → Audacity.

To edit an audio file, we will need to ‘import’ the audio we have (of the teacher interview) into Audacity. To import, click on File → Open and select your audio file.

Importing audio file into Audacity

Audacity is very powerful audio editor, with many sophisticated features. For advanced features, refer to the user manual and tutorials. However, we will learn a few commonly used functions, in audio editing, which are useful to teachers in creating and re-purposing OER:

1. Moving a selection of audio to rearrange audio
2. Adding a background music track to an audio
3. Reducing background noise levels

Moving and combining audio clips

1. Selecting a audio clip to move

Once you import an audio clip it will appear in Audacity like this; it is called an audio track. Just like you can cut (or copy) paste a selection of text in a text document, you can cut (copy) and paste a selection of audio in an audio file. You can use this function to remove any part of the audio clip you do not want. You can move a part of a clip from one place to another (for instance if you want to re-order responses in an interview).

You can also delete a part of the clip also using the same functionality.

2. Cut the selection part from the audio clip

3. Pasting selected audio clip

Listen to the following clips - the original interview on Digital Story Telling and the edited clip. Can you tell the difference?

Original teacher interview	Edited teacher interview

Using audacity we have selected a part of the audio track and moved this part.

Adding background music

You may want to add background music to an audio recording. It is easy to do this with Audacity. You will add a second track, to which you will add the background music. We can add as many tracks as we want, with one audio file per track.

Adding a track in Audacity for background music

Added multiple tracks

Teacher interview with background music

Amplifying sound

While editing an audio, you may find it necessary to adjust the sound levels in individual tracks. You can use the ‘amplify’ function to increase or reduce the sound level in a track. Select Effect -> Amplify. Reduce the amplification by moving the slider leftward. Increase the amplification by moving the slider rightward.

Reducing sound amplification

Audio file with amplification (sound reduced)

You may have an audio recording where there is some unwanted disturbance throughout, such as traffic sounds. You can use the ‘Noise Reduction’ function in Audacity to reduce the background noise.

Exporting the Audacity project to create audio output file

After completing your editing tasks, select File → Export and select the file format as MP3 and click export, to create an output audio file in the .mp3 format.

You can also save the Audacity project, for this select File → Save.

This will save the work done as an Audacity project. You can go back to this file (using File -> Open) to continue editing

exporting Audacity project to create audio output file

Audacity is particularly useful for a language teacher to create audio resources for language learning.

Creating video resources

Creating video resources using your video recorder

You can record a video clip using your mobile phone itself, using the camera on the phone. While recording the video, take care to ensure that you are not shooting copyright materials or private spaces. You can copy the video file from your phone to your computer for editing and re-mixing to create OER.

Creating a video resource using a screen-casting tool - RecordMyDesktop

Screen casting is also a very simple yet powerful way of creating a video resource. The RecordMyDesktop software records the computer output display as the video and audio. This can be used to record the functioning of a software or any educational application. In addition to the audio played on the computer as part of the running of the application, additional audio spoken and provided as an input to the computer can also be recorded as a part of the video.

There are some powerful ways of using this tool for creating video OER:

You could "slideshow" your presentations or play your images and add a narration to it to explain further. This can be shared as supplementary materials for your class and can be used by students who need reinforcement, review of lessons.

You may have used a particular software or educational application to demonstrate a concept in class. You could use the screencast application to re-create the lesson by recording your description of the activity and sharing with students.

One of the important ways of editing a video, is to dub it. In a teaching setting, you may want to use an existing video, and voice over it to add explanations to reflect the language and learning context of your class; this can be done quite effectively using the screencast application.

You can use RecordMyDesktop to create OER videos. Make sure you are not displaying copyright material on the screen when recording the video. If you record any copyright material in the video, it will be a copyright violation. Select Applications → Sound & Video → RecordMyDesktop to open Record My Desktop.

Opening Record my Desktop

RecordMyDesktop main window

Configuring record my desktop application

There are different settings that you can choose for recording on screencast software based on the kind of content you are capturing on the content as well as method of sharing and publishing. Here are some pointers for changing the settings.

Adjusting audio and video quality	Recording part of the screen
Adjusting video quality in RecordMyDesktop	RecordMyDesktop select area to record
You can define the audio and video quality of your recording by moving the slider shown. A higher quality video means a larger file, so, you would need to decide based on the content as well as the intended use (if the video is to be published, it may be better to have a smaller output filse size). A quality of 50% is good enough for most purposes and will keep file size lower). You can also click on Advanced--->Performance to adjust the frame per second to adjust video quality.	You can also select the window of the screen which you want to record. Click on Select window, you will be asked to grab the area to select. You can select only that part of the screen that you want to record. This is useful if you are opening photos or playing a video on only part of your screen and want to record that part only.

Recording and exporting

Recording	Encoding and exporting
Recording video using RecordMyDesktop	Exporting output file on RecordMyDesktop
When you click on Record button, desktop recording will start. The recording can be paused and resumed at any time, by right clicking on the RecordMyDesktop icon in the top panel and selecting Pause (and later Resume when you want to continue recording). Clicking on ‘Stop’ will stop the recording and initiate the export of the video output.	We need to wait till the export is completed, to get the output file. If we close the process before, we will lose the output file. The output file will be saved in your "Home" folder by default, with .OGV format. The file will usually have a name like ‘out.ogv’, however you can use the ‘save as’ button on the RecordMyDesktop screen to give a file name.

Dubbing a video

You can use this tool to provide voice dubbing for a video. For instance, you may find many OER videos in American English and you may want to change the language of narration to your own native language, to make the video more useful to your students.

You should to prepare the script for your narration in the language you want to dub the video in.

You need to set the sound settings on your computer to ‘mute’ (no output). Then start recordmydesktop application and play the video. As the video plays, read out your script. The audio read out by you will be combined with the video being shown on the screen to create the video in your language.

We have taken a video of a teacher speaking in Kannada about a program he has been a part of, and dubbed it in English.

Video - Original in Kannada

Video - Dubbed to ENglish

You could try this with any OER video you like, which is in accented English spoken in the USA or UK and dub it with your own voice, in English or your native language.

Editing video resources

Using video editor (OpenShot) to reuse videos

You can use OpenShot video editor to edit your video clips. OpenShot is a simple yet powerful application for video editing.

Open OpenShot on your computer, through Applications → Sound and Video → OpenShot

Video editing using OpenShot

We will need to ‘import’ the video we have into OpenShot. You can also import photos and audio files and combine images, audio and video files to create a video output.

import video into OpenShot

Import your video into OpenShot through File → Open and select your video file.

You should also import your video clip which you want to edit. You can add tracks to the OpenShot project.

This software is very powerful with many sophisticated features (for advanced features, refer to the user manual and tutorials) . However, we will learn a few commonly used functions, in video editing, which are useful to teachers in creating and re-purposing OER:

1. Moving a selection of video
2. Adding a slide (this can be used for sub-titling as well)
3. Adding fade in and fade
4. Adding a transition

We will edit a video where two teachers (one male and second female) are speaking their work in integrating ICT in their subject teaching. (Author of video - IT for Change)

Video - See the video

Moving a selection of video

Just like you can cut, paste a selection of text in a text document, you can cut and paste a part of the video by using drag and drop option of the video file. You can also delete a part of the clip also using delete key from the keyboard (or right click and remove clip) and remove any part of the video clip you do not want. You can move a part of a clip from one place to another (for instance if you want to re-order responses in an interview).

Cutting video clip by using cut tool

Moving a video clip by dragging and draping

In our video, of the interview of two teachers, we have used this option to move the interview of the male teacher after the interview of the female teacher.

Video - See video where interviews are interchanged

Adding a slide

Here, we can add multiple image slides into video clips in different time frames.

Adding image slide into video track

In our video, we have added a title slide introducing each teacher before they begin speaking. You can add slides as required to introduce your own narrative in the video

Video - See video where we have added two title slides

Sub-titling existing videos

Sub-titles or provide your native language text as sub-titles to this video clip. First we have to create our new subtitle file by selecting Title -> create new title.

Opening title creation window

Here, in the left side select style of your sub-title (we have selected Footer3 - this will give my sub-title in the footer area) and click on create new Title.

Adding a sub-title in a video

You should give a name for your sub-title file, then enter the text you want as the subtitle, and click Apply. This sub title text will be added to your project file.

Adding the subtitle text file into the new track (second track).

Video - See the video where we have added subtitle

Adding fade in and fade out

By adding fade-in and fade-out for the clips, it will smoothly changing the slides from one to next. You should right click your mouse, on the slide and select Fade -> Fade in or Fade Out as per the requirement. This fade in / fade out will effect for both audio and video.

Adding fade in, fade out for slides and for video clips.

Adding a transition

You may want to add a 'transition' in your video, to introduce a new section. For instance you are moving between showing an interview of a person, and visuals of a program and want to have a separation between the two, introducing a transition every time you switch will make the video easier to follow. You can do this selecting Transition, you will see icons of different transitions. Select one transition and drag-drop it on the video, at the spot you want to introduce the transition.

Adding transaction (different effects) into the track.

Video - In this video we have added transition in 0.35 sec time frame.

Combining text and audio video reources

Inserting links to audio and video resources in a text document (LibreOffice Writer)

You cannot insert an audio or a video into your document itself (though you could insert / embed an image in your text document). However you can provide a hyper-link to the audio file or video file in your computer, to the document. Clicking on this link will play the audio or video.

We will insert a hyper-link to the audio interview with an expert on Digital Storytelling in our 'Learning Digital Story Telling.odt'. We will open our 'Learning Digital Story Telling.odt' file. In this file we will create a section 'Interview with an expert on digital storytelling' and enter the text "An interview with an expert on digital storytelling is available here". We will select the text 'here' and then select Insert -> Hyperlink. We will get a form, which allows us to provide a hyperlink to another file. On the left side of the form, there are four icons for Internet, Mail, Document and New Document, which allows us to link to a web page on the world wide web, an email, a file in our computer, or to a section of the current document, respectively. We will click on the 'Document' icon on the left side and this will open a form on the right side, asking us to specify the 'path' where the file is saved.

Inserting a hyperlink to an audio file in a text document

Insert hyper link to audio file on your computer

Clicking on this 'path' icon, will open the file browser. We will select the file by browsing our computer and then click on 'OK'.

Inserting hyperlink to audio file on your computer

Inserting hyper link to audio file on your computer

The text 'here' is now displayed as a hyperlink. If you 'control-click' on this link (that is press control and simultaneously press the mouse left click), the link will play the audio file on your computer.

Inserting hyper link to audio file on your computer

You will need to follow an identical process to insert a link to a video file on your computer.

Inserting links in a ‘slide presentation’ format (LibreOffice Impress)

Inserting a hyperlink to a video file in a slide presentation

Inserting links in your slide presentation document, to file on your computer, is identical to the process followed in LibreOffice Writer.epen We have inserted a hyper-link to a video file on our computer "Interview with two teachers of the Subject Teacher Forum program - with transition.ogg" in the slide, to the word 'Video' in the slide presentation. In the 'normal slide view', you will need to 'control-click' to open the video. In the 'Slide Show' view, simply clicking on the link will play the video.

Alternative applications and alternative platforms

Please refer to Annexure, for a list of equivalent Free and Open Source Software applications on the GNU/Linux, Microsoft Windows and Android (Mobile phone) platforms and on the web.