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==== '''Student activity time (3 hours)''' ====

==== Student activity time (3 hours) ====

Create a concept map for your chosen topic. Identify related concepts. Insert child nodes and sibling nodes to connect related concepts and sub concepts. Insert notes where you would like to provide a more detailed description or annotation for a concept. Insert a web link to Wikipedia for the main concept (root node). Note that simply saving the file will save it with the name you have given in the root node. Like with any editor, you can both create new maps and edit existing concept maps using Freeplane.  

Create a concept map for your chosen topic. Identify related concepts. Insert child nodes and sibling nodes to connect related concepts and sub concepts. Insert notes where you would like to provide a more detailed description or annotation for a concept. Insert a web link to Wikipedia for the main concept (root node). Note that simply saving the file will save it with the name you have given in the root node. Like with any editor, you can both create new maps and edit existing concept maps using Freeplane.  

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==== '''Student activity time''' ====

==== Student activity time (3 hours) ====

You should create a text document for your topic. Add sections for different ideas related to the topic. Insert hyper links to web resources, as you think will make your document richer and more useful.  Insert a footer and provide name of your document and page number. Try to present your complex set of thoughts on the topic in rich and meaningful ways in your text document, using the different functionalities of the editor.

You should create a text document for your topic. Add sections for different ideas related to the topic. Insert hyper links to web resources, as you think will make your document richer and more useful.  Insert a footer and provide name of your document and page number. Try to present your complex set of thoughts on the topic in rich and meaningful ways in your text document, using the different functionalities of the editor.

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==== '''Student activity time'''  ====

==== '''Student activity time (3 hours)'''  ====

You should create a slide presentation for your topic. Add slides for different ideas related to the topic. Insert text boxes in the presentation document. Insert hyper links to web resources, as you think will make your slide presentation richer and more useful. Save the slide presentation in your personal digital library, you could save in a sub folder called 'slide presentation'. You should open the file again and see the slides in the 'slide show' mode (Slide Show -> Start from the first slide).

You should create a slide presentation for your topic. Add slides for different ideas related to the topic. Insert text boxes in the presentation document. Insert hyper links to web resources, as you think will make your slide presentation richer and more useful. Save the slide presentation in your personal digital library, you could save in a sub folder called 'slide presentation'. You should open the file again and see the slides in the 'slide show' mode (Slide Show -> Start from the first slide).

==== Creating image resources using a screen capture tool  [https://help.ubuntu.com/stable/ubuntu-help/screen-shot-record.html Screenshot] ====

==== Creating image resources using a screen capture tool  [https://help.ubuntu.com/stable/ubuntu-help/screen-shot-record.html Screenshot] ====

[[File:COL_-_Creating_an_image_using_Screenshot_-_select_area.png|thumb|450x450px|Creating an image using Screenshot (select area to grab)]]

[[File:COL_-_Creating_an_image_using_Screenshot_-_select_area.png|thumb|450x450px|Image 35 - Creating an image using Screenshot (select area to grab)]]

One of the simplest and yet very powerful ways of creating an image is to simply take a picture of your computer screen. You may have opened a web page on which there is an image or some text you want to store as an image, or it may be from a file on your computer, or it may be a snapshot of a video you are playing. However, when you are taking screen shots of a web resource or a video, you must keep in mind copyright and terms of use of the resource.

One of the simplest and yet very powerful ways of creating an image is to simply take a picture of your computer screen. You may have opened a web page on which there is an image or some text you want to store as an image, or it may be from a file on your computer, or it may be a snapshot of a video you are playing. However, when you are taking screen shots of a web resource or a video, you must keep in mind copyright and terms of use of the resource.

You can use the tool Screenshot for this. Open Screenshot on your computer, through Applications → Accessories →  [https://help.ubuntu.com/stable/ubuntu-help/screen-shot-record.html Screenshot]

You can use the tool Screenshot for this. Open Screenshot on your computer, through Applications → Accessories →  [https://help.ubuntu.com/stable/ubuntu-help/screen-shot-record.html Screenshot], shown here in Image 35.

You have an option of capturing the entire display on your screen or selecting a smaller area. For the latter option, chose ‘select area to grab’ as shown in the image.  Then use your mouse to drag drop the (rectangular) area you want to capture. (Move your cursor to the left top of the area, keep your left mouse click pressed, move the cursor to the right bottom point and release it).

You have an option of capturing the entire display on your screen or selecting a smaller area. For the latter option, chose ‘select area to grab’ as shown in the image.  Then use your mouse to drag drop the (rectangular) area you want to capture. (Move your cursor to the left top of the area, keep your left mouse click pressed, move the cursor to the right bottom point and release it).

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==== '''Student activity time (4 hours)''' ====

==== Student activity time (4 hours) ====

You should create a drawing on an issue connected to your topic. Another possibility is you could use any image you found as a reference, and draw it using Tux Paint. A third possibility is to copy the image you have created by taking a photo to the Tux Paint folder (mentioned above) and open it in Tux Paint and edit it to create the image resource you want. A fourth possibility is to open the image you want (from an existing resource) and take a screen shot of the entire or part image using Screenshot tool. You can take this image, created from a screen shot to Tux Paint and continue editing the image!

You should create a drawing on an issue connected to your topic. Another possibility is you could use any image you found as a reference, and draw it using Tux Paint. A third possibility is to copy the image you have created by taking a photo to the Tux Paint folder (mentioned above) and open it in Tux Paint and edit it to create the image resource you want. A fourth possibility is to open the image you want (from an existing resource) and take a screen shot of the entire or part image using Screenshot tool. You can take this image, created from a screen shot to Tux Paint and continue editing the image!

==== Creating and editing image resources using an advanced image editor - [https://www.gimp.org/ GIMP] ====

==== Creating and editing image resources using an advanced image editor - [https://www.gimp.org/ GIMP] ====

GNU Image Manipulation Program (GIMP) is an image editing software. GIMP can be opened from Applications--->Graphics---> [https://www.gimp.org/ GIMP Image Editor] , as shown in the first image.

GNU Image Manipulation Program (GIMP) is an image editing software. GIMP can be opened from Applications--->Graphics---> [https://www.gimp.org/ GIMP Image Editor] , as shown in the first image (Image 36).

GIMP is very powerful with many sophisticated features. We will learn a few commonly used functions in image editing:

GIMP is very powerful with many sophisticated features. We will learn a few commonly used functions in image editing:

# Cropping an image

# Cropping an image

# Adding text to an image

# Adding text to an image

Once you have opened the GIMP application, open the image you would like to edit, as shown in the second image in the gallery. You can see the menu bar providing different options for editing the image.

Once you have opened the GIMP application, open the image you would like to edit, as shown in the second image in the gallery. You can see the menu bar providing different options for editing the image (Image 37).

<gallery mode="packed" heights="250px">

<gallery mode="packed" heights="250px">

File:COL-Opening_GIMP.png|Opening GIMP

File:COL-Opening_GIMP.png|Image 36 - Opening GIMP

File:COL_-_Opening_an_image_file_using_GIMP.png|File opened in GIMP

File:COL_-_Opening_an_image_file_using_GIMP.png|Image 37 - File opened in GIMP

</gallery>

</gallery>

===== Cropping an image =====

===== Cropping an image =====

[[File:COL_-_Crop_to_selection_of_an_image,_using_GIMP.png|right|450x450px|Cropping an image]]

[[File:COL_-_Crop_to_selection_of_an_image,_using_GIMP.png|450x450px|Image 38 - Cropping an image|thumb]]

Often, you want some part of a larger image to re-use in a different resource.  GIMP allows you to select parts of an image - in different shapes or even using a freehand selection to select parts of an image. This is different from a screen shot where you can only grab an area that is in the shape of a rectangle.  

Often, you want some part of a larger image to re-use in a different resource.  GIMP allows you to select parts of an image - in different shapes or even using a freehand selection to select parts of an image. This is different from a screen shot where you can only grab an area that is in the shape of a rectangle.  

You can select parts of an image from Select Tools → Selection Tools → Free Select. You can move your cursor on the image to outline the area you want to crop, this is free hand, not necessarily in the form of a rectangle. Then crop the image to your selection through Image → Crop to Selection, as shown in the image.  We have cropped the image to free select only the teacher and the student (see the dotted line in image 9). You can export this cropped image using File → Export as and export to an image format like .png or .jpeg.

You can select parts of an image from Select Tools → Selection Tools → Free Select. You can move your cursor on the image to outline the area you want to crop, this is free hand, not necessarily in the form of a rectangle. Then crop the image to your selection through Image → Crop to Selection, as shown in the image.  We have cropped the image to free select only the teacher and the student (see the dotted line in Image 38). You can export this cropped image using File → Export as and export to an image format like .png or .jpeg.

==== Adding text to an image ====

==== Adding text to an image ====

[[File:Entering_text_on_an_image_using_GIMP.png|thumb|450x450px|Entering text on an image using GIMP|left]]

[[File:Entering_text_on_an_image_using_GIMP.png|thumb|450x450px|Image 39 - Entering text on an image using GIMP|left]]

You may want to add a caption to an image and make that caption a part of the image itself. You can do this using GIMP.

A text description of an image may be useful while creating a resource. For this, you may want to add a caption to an image and make that caption a part of the image itself. You can do this using GIMP.

Select Tools → Text.  A text tool box appears.

Select Tools → Text.  A text tool box appears.

Place your cursor where you want to type your text. You can format the text (change font size, colour) through the Text tool box.

Place your cursor where you want to type your text. You can format the text (change font size, colour) through the Text tool box.

In our image, we have added the text ‘Digital Storytelling, Health centre’ and selected the yellow colour for the text, since it will display better against a dark background. (Tip - the text should be in a colour contrasting with the background, for easier visibility).{{clear}}

In our image (Image 39), we have added the text ‘Digital Storytelling, Health centre’ and selected the yellow colour for the text, since it will display better against a dark background. (Tip - the text should be in a colour contrasting with the background, for easier visibility).{{clear}}

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==== '''Student activity time (2 hours)''' ====

==== Student activity time (2 hours) ====

You should use GIMP to work on your image OER that you have created. You should use the text input option to enter captions on your image resource. You can crop a part of an image which contains the message you want to convey.   

You should use GIMP to work on your image OER that you have created. You should use the text input option to enter captions on your image resource. You can crop a part of an image which contains the message you want to convey.   

==== Pedagogical possibilities ====

==== Pedagogical possibilities ====

Digital painting can awaken the artist in you. You can iterate your digital drawings, access existing open content images to improvise than start from scratch. The digital canvas does not tear, the paints in your digital weasel do not dry up. Digital editors can encourage more learners to experiment with the creation of artefacts, this is another potential of the 'techno-pedagogical' .

 

Digital painting can awaken the artist in you. You can iterate your digital drawings, access existing open content images to improvise than start from scratch. The digital canvas does not tear, the paints in your digital weasel do not dry up!. Digital editors can encourage more learners to experiment with the creation of artefacts, this is another potential of the 'techno-pedagogical' .

=== Creating an audio-visual resource ===

=== Creating an audio-visual resource ===

One of the most exciting things about ICT is being able to make and share videos - and this unit is about that. While human beings have been writing text and drawing pictures for thousands of years, videos are a relatively recent development.   

One of the most exciting things about ICT is being able to make and share videos - and this section is about that. While human beings have been writing text and drawing pictures for thousands of years, videos are a relatively recent development.  There are three ways of creating simple videos.   

Before creating an audio visual resource, it is useful to recognize the following pedagogical possibilities:

'''Creating audio resources using your audio recorder on your mobile phone'''

#There is a great possibility of developing digital literacy skills in terms of recording audio with multiple devices

You can record an audio clip using your mobile phone itself, using any audio recording app, such as ‘[https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.sonymobile.androidapp.audiorecorder Audio Recorder]’. You can copy the audio file from your phone to your computer for editing to create a resource. While recording, make sure that no copyright music or sound is playing in the background.

You can record an audio clip using your mobile phone itself, using any audio recording app, such as ‘[https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.sonymobile.androidapp.audiorecorder Audio Recorder]’. You can copy the audio file from your phone to your computer for editing to create a resource. While recording, make sure that no copyright music or sound is playing in the background.

==== Creating video resources using your video recorder ====

'''Creating video resources using your video recorder'''

 

You can record a video clip using your mobile phone itself, using the camera on the phone. While recording the video, take care to ensure that you are not shooting copyright materials or private spaces. You can copy the video file from your phone to your computer for editing and re-mixing to create resources.

You can record a video clip using your mobile phone itself, using the camera on the phone. While recording the video, take care to ensure that you are not shooting copyright materials or private spaces. You can copy the video file from your phone to your computer for editing and re-mixing to create resources.

==== Creating a video resource using a screen-casting tool - [http://recordmydesktop.sourceforge.net/about.php RecordMyDesktop] ====

'''Creating a video resource using a screen-casting tool - [http://recordmydesktop.sourceforge.net/about.php RecordMyDesktop]'''

 

Screen casting is also a simple yet powerful way of creating a video resource. The [http://recordmydesktop.sourceforge.net/about.php RecordMyDesktop] software records the computer output display as a video with audio, as shown in the image.  This can be used to record the functioning of a software or any educational application. In addition to the audio played on the computer as part of the running of the application, additional audio spoken and provided as an input to the computer can also be recorded as a part of the video.

Screen casting is also a simple yet powerful way of creating a video resource. The [http://recordmydesktop.sourceforge.net/about.php RecordMyDesktop] software records the computer output display as a video with audio, as shown in the image.  This can be used to record the functioning of a software or any educational application. In addition to the audio played on the computer as part of the running of the application, additional audio spoken and provided as an input to the computer can also be recorded as a part of the video.

=====Getting started with Record my Desktop=====

=====Getting started with Record my Desktop=====

The images in the gallery show how to work with the "Record my Desktop" application.

The images in the gallery below (Images 40,41) show how to work with the "Record my Desktop" application.

<gallery mode="packed" heights="250px">

<gallery mode="packed" heights="250px">

File:COL_Opening_Record_my_Desktop.png|Opening Record my Desktop

File:COL_Opening_Record_my_Desktop.png|Image 40 - Opening Record my Desktop

File:RecordMyDesktop_1_Main_Window.png|RecordMyDesktop main window

File:RecordMyDesktop_1_Main_Window.png|Image 41 - RecordMyDesktop main window

</gallery>

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#The first image shows how to open the application, from Applications-->Sound and video

#The first image (Image 40) shows how to open the application, from Applications-->Sound and video

#The second image shows how the view of the application window

#The second image (Image 41) shows how the view of the application window

=====Configuring record my desktop application=====

=====Configuring record my desktop application=====

There are different settings that you can choose for recording on screen cast software based on the kind of content you are capturing on the content as well as method of sharing and publishing.  Here are some pointers for changing the settings.

There are different settings that you can choose for recording on screen cast software based on the kind of content you are capturing on the content as well as method of sharing and publishing.  Here are some pointers for changing the settings.

<gallery mode="packed" heights="250px">

<gallery mode="packed" heights="250px">

COL_-_Adjusting_Video_quality_in_recordmydesktop.png|Adjusting video quality in RecordMyDesktop

COL_-_Adjusting_Video_quality_in_recordmydesktop.png|Image 42 - Adjusting video quality in RecordMyDesktop

COL_-_Recordmydesktop_select_area_to_record.png|RecordMyDesktop select area to record

COL_-_Recordmydesktop_select_area_to_record.png|Image 43 - RecordMyDesktop select area to record

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</gallery>

#The first image shows how to define the audio and video quality of your recording by moving the slider.  A higher quality video means a larger file, as shown in the image.  Therefore, you would need to decide based on the content as well as the intended use (if the video is to be published, it may be better to have a smaller output file size).  A video quality of 50% is good enough for most purposes and will keep file size lower).  You can also click on Advanced--->Performance to adjust the frame per second to adjust video quality.

#The first image (Image 42) shows how to define the audio and video quality of your recording by moving the slider.  A higher quality video means a larger file, as shown in the image.  Therefore, you would need to decide based on the content as well as the intended use (if the video is to be published, it may be better to have a smaller output file size).  A video quality of 50% is good enough for most purposes and will keep file size lower).  You can also click on Advanced--->Performance to adjust the frame per second to adjust video quality.

#You can also select the window of the screen which you want to record. Click on <u>Select window</u>, as shown in the second image, and you will be asked to grab the area to select. You can select only that part of the screen that you want to record. This is useful if you are opening photos or playing a video on only part of your screen and want to record that part only.

#You can also select the window of the screen which you want to record. Click on <u>Select window</u>, as shown in the second image (Image 43), and you will be asked to grab the area to select. You can select only that part of the screen that you want to record. This is useful if you are opening photos or playing a video on only part of your screen and want to record that part only.

=====Recording and exporting=====

=====Recording and exporting=====

The following images will describe how to record and export the recording in the form of a video file.

The following images will describe how to record and export the recording in the form of a video file.

<gallery mode="packed" heights="250px">

<gallery mode="packed" heights="250px">

RecordMyDesktop_6_Red_Button.png|Recording video using RecordMyDesktop

RecordMyDesktop_6_Red_Button.png|Image 44 - Recording video using RecordMyDesktop

Exporting recording as video.png|Exporting output file on RecordMyDesktop

Exporting recording as video.png|Image 45 - Exporting output file on RecordMyDesktop

</gallery>

</gallery>

#When you click on <u>Record</u> button, desktop recording will start, as you can see in the first image. The recording can be paused and resumed at any time, by right clicking on the RecordMyDesktop icon in the top panel and selecting <u>Pause</u> (and later <u>Resume</u> when you want to continue recording). Clicking on ‘Stop’ will stop the recording and initiate the export of the video output.

#When you click on <u>Record</u> button, desktop recording will start, as you can see in the first image (Image 44). The recording can be paused and resumed at any time, by right clicking on the RecordMyDesktop icon in the top panel and selecting <u>Pause</u> (and later <u>Resume</u> when you want to continue recording). Clicking on ‘Stop’ will stop the recording and initiate the export of the video output.

#You need to wait till the export is completed, to get the output file as shown in the second image. If we close the process before, we will lose the output file. The output file will be saved in your "Home" folder by default, with .ogv format. The file will usually have a name like ‘out.ogv’, however you can use the ‘save as’ button on the RecordMyDesktop screen to give a file name of your choice.{{clear}}

#You need to wait till the export is completed, to get the output file as shown in the second image (Image 45). If we close the process before, we will lose the output file. The output file will be saved in your "Home" folder by default, with .ogv format. The file will usually have a name like ‘out.ogv’, however you can use the ‘save as’ button on the RecordMyDesktop screen to give a file name of your choice.{{clear}}

==== Suggestions for creating video resources using a screen cast recorder ====

==== Suggestions for creating video resources using a screen cast recorder ====

# You may have used a particular software or educational application to demonstrate a concept in class. You could use the screen cast application to re-create the lesson by recording your description of the activity and sharing with students.

# You may have used a particular software or educational application to demonstrate a concept in class. You could use the screen cast application to re-create the lesson by recording your description of the activity and sharing with students.

# Dubbing a video can create a resource in another language.  In a teaching setting, you may want to use an existing video, and voice over it to add explanations to reflect the language and learning context of your class; this can be done quite effectively using this  application. To dub a video using [http://recordmydesktop.sourceforge.net/about.php record my desktop] , you need to set the sound settings on your computer to ‘mute’ (no output). Then start [http://recordmydesktop.sourceforge.net/about.php record my desktop] application and play the video. As the video plays, read out your script. The audio read out by you will be combined with the video being shown on the screen to create the video in your language.  Make sure you are not displaying copyright material on the screen when recording the video. If you record any copyright material in the video, it will be a copyright violation.   

# Dubbing a video can create a resource in another language.  In a teaching setting, you may want to use an existing video, and voice over it to add explanations to reflect the language and learning context of your class; this can be done quite effectively using this  application. To dub a video using [http://recordmydesktop.sourceforge.net/about.php record my desktop] , you need to set the sound settings on your computer to ‘mute’ (no output). Then start [http://recordmydesktop.sourceforge.net/about.php record my desktop] application and play the video. As the video plays, read out your script. The audio read out by you will be combined with the video being shown on the screen to create the video in your language.  Make sure you are not displaying copyright material on the screen when recording the video. If you record any copyright material in the video, it will be a copyright violation.   

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=== Creating a digital story using multiple resources ===

=== Creating a digital story using multiple resources ===

One of the most important advantages of ICT is the possibility of creating resources in multiple formats - images being one of them.  Images can be used standalone, or in a sequence as an animation, or in combination with text to create picture stories for communication. With increasing use of ICT, creating, editing and remixing image resources is becoming more and more prevalent.  Availability of free and open source tools for creation and re-purposing of image resources can help the greater creation, re-purposing and publishing of image and animation OER.

One of the most important advantages of ICT is the possibility of creating resources in multiple formats - images being one of them.  Images can be used standalone, or in a sequence as an animation, or in combination with text to create picture stories for communication. You can also combine these with audio.  With increasing use of ICT, creating, editing and remixing image, text and audio visual resources is becoming more and more prevalent.  Availability of free and open source tools for creation and re-purposing of image resources can help the greater creation, re-purposing and publishing of image and animation OER.

Digital stories can be of many kinds - creating a photo essay for documenting an event or a place, comic strips to tell a story, an audio recording for sharing understanding. The focus on all of these activities is to demonstrate possibilities of using digital stories to express understanding and learning without focusing exclusively on text based methods.

Digital stories can be of many kinds - creating a photo essay for documenting an event or a place, comic strips to tell a story, an audio recording for sharing understanding. The focus on all of these activities is to demonstrate possibilities of using digital stories to express understanding and learning without focusing exclusively on text based methods.

===== Inserting images in a text document (''LibreOffice Writer'') =====

===== Inserting images in a text document (''LibreOffice Writer'') =====

Images can be embedded / inserted into a text document. The image and the related text enhance the value of the other in the document.

Images can be embedded / inserted into a text document. The image and the related text enhance the value of the other in the document.

select Insert → Image. LibreOffice Writer will open the file browser. Use file browser to select the image file. The image will be inserted in your text document as shown in the image here.   

select Insert → Image. LibreOffice Writer will open the file browser. Use file browser to select the image file. The image will be inserted in your text document as shown here. (Image 46).   

[[File:COL_-_Inserting_image_of_concept_map_in_text_document.png|thumb|450x450px|left|Insertion of image of a concept map in LibreOffice Writer]]

[[File:COL_-_Inserting_image_of_concept_map_in_text_document.png|thumb|450x450px|left|Image 46 - Insertion of image of a concept map in LibreOffice Writer]]

{{clear}}

{{clear}}

Combining text, image, audio and video resources can help you to communicate your message effectively. The key requirement is to be clear why you are selecting a particular resource in a particular format, this is a skill you will develop with experience.

Combining text, image, audio and video resources can help you to communicate your message effectively. The key requirement is to be clear why you are selecting a particular resource in a particular format, this is a skill you will develop with experience.

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==== '''Student activity time ( 2 hours)''' ====

==== Student activity time ( 2 hours) ====

Work on your text document and slide presentation. The text document can be a detailed and rich explanation for the topic you have chosen, while the slide presentation can be a crisp outline of the main points you want to communicate about.  

Work on your text document and slide presentation. The text document can be a detailed and rich explanation for the topic you have chosen, while the slide presentation can be a crisp outline of the main points you want to communicate about.  

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=== Techno-pedagogical possibilities ===

The digital methods learnt in this unit, can be integrated into teaching-learning processes to enrich both the content and pedagogy aspects. Some of such possibilities have been provided in each of the sub sections in this chapter, in ''italic.'' A few more are discussed here:

# Concepts acquire power and meaning when they are connected to other concepts. Hence, organizing the concepts relevant to your topic is an important first step of generic resource creation. Concept mapping can be used to build skills in students for ideating and organizing ideas; you could also use it in your class to help students brain storm or capture prior knowledge in an area.  

 

# Concept maps can also be useful in helping organize your thought processes when writing, it is a good idea to prepare a concept map before writing any document and use the map as the basis for the writing. A concept map is also a useful teaching tool, it is easy to show the 'macro-view' of any topic by showing the map in full (with sub nodes hidden if required) and then expanding each node and sub-nodes to elaborate on a sub topic. Sharing images and web pages (from embedded links in a node) can enrich the presentation.  

=== Techno-pedagogical possibilities: more ideas ===

# You can represent any paper or book in a concept map. For instance, ' Prof Krishna Kumar's book 'The Child's Language and the Teacher' has been represented as a concept map.  

The digital methods learnt in this unit, can be integrated into teaching-learning processes to enrich both the content and pedagogy aspects. Some of such possibilities have been provided in each of the sub sections in this chapter''.''  

# Concepts acquire power and meaning when they are connected to other concepts. Hence, organizing the concepts relevant to your topic is an important first step of generic resource creation. Concept mapping can be used to build skills in students for ideating and organizing ideas; you could also use it in your class to help students brain storm or capture prior knowledge in an area. Concept maps can also be useful in helping organize your thought processes when writing, it is a good idea to prepare a concept map before writing any document and use the map as the basis for the writing. A concept map is also a useful teaching tool, it is easy to show the 'macro-view' of any topic by showing the map in full (with sub nodes hidden if required) and then expanding each node and sub-nodes to elaborate on a sub topic. Sharing images and web pages (from embedded links in a node) can enrich the presentation. You can represent any paper or book in a concept map. For instance, ' Prof Krishna Kumar's book 'The Child's Language and the Teacher' has been represented as a concept map.  

# Audio books can be easy to create, these can support early language learning. Learners can follow the text from a book, while hearing the audio of the same, for reinforcement. Existing folk songs, or locally sung poems or songs can be recorded to support language learning in this manner. This can also add to the audio learning resources in native languages.  

# Audio books can be easy to create, these can support early language learning. Learners can follow the text from a book, while hearing the audio of the same, for reinforcement. Existing folk songs, or locally sung poems or songs can be recorded to support language learning in this manner. This can also add to the audio learning resources in native languages.  

# Video resources can also support language learning by providing text-audio-visual (image) representations of any concept or item. Creating simple video documents of the singing of local songs, narration of local stories / folk literature can not only support learning, but also preserve these important cultural resources for posterity. This can also help in reducing the huge disparities we see between English and Indian languages in terms of resources on the web. Digitisation of local cultural resources by teachers and students can connect the school with the local community, engage the learner with their own culture and support local resource creation.   

# Video resources can also support language learning by providing text-audio-visual (image) representations of any concept or item. Creating simple video documents of the singing of local songs, narration of local stories / folk literature can not only support learning, but also preserve these important cultural resources for posterity. This can also help in reducing the huge disparities we see between English and Indian languages in terms of resources on the web. Digitisation of local cultural resources by teachers and students can connect the school with the local community, engage the learner with their own culture and support local resource creation.