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TE year1sourcebook/Topics of Study in the Unit (view source)
Revision as of 11:32, 10 April 2017
, 11:32, 10 April 2017no edit summary
We are now perhaps in the middle of the next epochal movement in the history of ICTs, the use of digital methods of accessing, creating, modifying sharing, storing information as well as for communication. Most of you would have been born after the beginning of the mass use of cell phones (the second generation or 2G cell phone technology was available for mass use from 1991), towards the end of the first millennium, while many teacher educators would have been born before this period!
We are now perhaps in the middle of the next epochal movement in the history of ICTs, the use of digital methods of accessing, creating, modifying sharing, storing information as well as for communication. Most of you would have been born after the beginning of the mass use of cell phones (the second generation or 2G cell phone technology was available for mass use from 1991), towards the end of the first millennium, while many teacher educators would have been born before this period!
{| class="wikitable"
|File:Long_Waves_of_Social_Evolution.jpg
|Growth of ICT can be seen to be broadly in terms of 4 ages
# premechanical
# mechanical
# electromechanical and
# electronic
While technology for information creation, storage and processing has been developing continuously, one important development which changed the course of technology is the development of digital technologies in the electronic area. Whereas during the electromechanical area, information was stored largely stored in analog formats. During the electronic age, information was stored in analog and digital formats.
|}
This phenomenon creates an interesting inversion in the school environment, in almost all other areas, the teacher (teacher educator) is more familiar than the learner (student teacher), while in case of ICTs (more specifically in the skill of using ICT devices and methods), it can often be the opposite! Research also
This phenomenon creates an interesting inversion in the school environment, in almost all other areas, the teacher (teacher educator) is more familiar than the learner (student teacher), while in case of ICTs (more specifically in the skill of using ICT devices and methods), it can often be the opposite! Research also
You can use ICT to create information in different formats - maps, audio, video, text, numeric data. How we learn and what is to be learnt have changed. For example, we no longer need to learn about a cash withdrawal slip, we need to know how to use the ATM. In this program, you are listening to class talks to deepen your understanding on many issues, across subjects. In Unit 2, you will learn how you can use ICT to create resources, organise these in your own personal digital library, and learn.
You can use ICT to create information in different formats - maps, audio, video, text, numeric data. How we learn and what is to be learnt have changed. For example, we no longer need to learn about a cash withdrawal slip, we need to know how to use the ATM. In this program, you are listening to class talks to deepen your understanding on many issues, across subjects. In Unit 2, you will learn how you can use ICT to create resources, organise these in your own personal digital library, and learn.
===Basic familiarity with ICT devices and operating system===
=== Basic familiarity with ICT devices and operating system ===
==== Installing operating system on the computer ====
==== Installing operating system on the computer ====
==== Accessing and adding various FOSS applications, basic troubleshooting ====
==== Accessing and adding various FOSS applications, basic troubleshooting ====
=== Familiarity with internet and email ===
=== ICT for connecting ===
==== Navigating the Internet, web browser for accessing the internet ====
==== Navigating the Internet, web browser for accessing the internet ====
Accessing the internet and browsing the web (understanding the difference between the two)
Downloading information and organizing
Identifying license information and using downloaded information appropriately
Using safety tips while browsing
You will develop a text document with a list of websites that you have accessed
==== Participation in online, email and mobile-based forums (forming teacher communities of practice for collaboration and peer learning) ====
==== Participation in online, email and mobile-based forums (forming teacher communities of practice for collaboration and peer learning) ====
=== Developing personal digital libraries (PDLs) and evaluation of digital resources ===
=== ICT for self learning ===
==== Developing personal digital libraries (PDLs) and evaluation of digital resources ====
===Equitable access to ICTs===
As you use the computers and Internet, the easy sharing of digital documents will seem quite powerful – instead of physically photo copying documents or recreating models of a device, making digital copies of the document or photos of the device is simpler and also almost free. Hence it should seem obvious that digital modes of information production and sharing would make resources easy to access, covering all kinds of digital items including content and software. However, there have been very strong forces that have worked against such easy sharing.
Paradoxically such sharing has been made difficult using technological methods as well as legal methods. Legal methods have been through releasing software or content using restrictive licenses, that forbid sharing or modifying. Technological methods have been to not release the source code (in case of software), which is required for making modifications and by using techniques that prevent 'copy paste' processes. Thus
'proprietary' software which forbids sharing and customising is used by most ICT users.
One argument for restricting free sharing is that the creator needs to be compensated for producing the
resource and instead of having the first buyer pay the entire amount of creation, seeking license fees from
many users can reduce the costs to the first buyer and also increase the profitability for the creator. While
this argument can have relevance in commercial transactions, in the case of education, where the free access
to and sharing of learning resources is essential, using digital resources that do not have restrictive licensing
would be required.
Fortunately, in the case of software, there are free software communities that have developed software and
released it on liberal conditions, that allow free sharing and modifying. Dr Richard Stallman, who was a
professor at the Massachusets Institute of Technology, established the Free Software Foundation, whichworked to develop software applications and released them under a 'General Public License' (GPL), which
allows the user four freedoms – to use, study, modify and share. The GPL also insists that any changes made
to a free software should also be released on same terms.
Similarly in the case of content or learning materials, the 'open educational resources' (OER) movement aims
to support creation of digital materials that allow the four rights – right to reuse, revise, remix and re
distribute (called the 4 Rs). As teachers, you too can release materials you create as OER, so that other
teachers can give feedback as well as revise/refine the same to make it better quality. (Karnataka teachers are
already doing this in the Karnataka Open Educational Resources (KOER) programme of DSERT, which you
too can join.
=== Ethical use of ICT ===
You will be learning to use ICT for many purposes. However, you should know that ICT use can be beneficial or harmful, and you need to use your judgement in the use of ICTs. [[wikipedia:Ethics|Ethical]] challenges in the use of ICTs can arise in the following situations:
# Plagiarism - showing resources created by others as created by oneself
# Using others resources without their permission, or as per the [[wikipedia:Software_license|'license']] associated with the resource.
# Participating in a virtual forum in an offensive manner, violating the [http://www.dictionary.com/browse/etiquette?s=t etiquette] of virtual forum behaviours
You need to be aware of these dangers and learn to avoid these, and help your classmates also avoid these.
=== Plagiarising - copying resources created by others and representing it as yours ===
While it is easy to copy a resource from the internet and include in your own work without giving credit to the creator, it is an unethical practice. This is called [[wikipedia:Plagiarism|'plagiarism']], the more familiar word is 'copying'. Referring to other resources, 'citing' them in your work, or adapting them to meet the needs of your work are ethical activities. This is called 'fair use' of materials created by another person. What is 'minor' copying or 'large' depends on the situation, and you need to use your judgement. In case of doubt, always discuss with your teachers, classmates and friends. One simple rule - use materials from existing OER sources, and give credit to the source, in your own document.
=== Violating the 'license' associated with the resource ===
Digital resources, including software and content always have an associated 'license' of use. In case the software or content is licensed as [[wikipedia:proprietary|'proprietary']], where the creator has all the rights, and has not given any rights to others, then using the digital resource is illegal, without paying the required license fee, as well as unethical. Such use is called 'piracy'. You may find it technically very easy to just 'copy-paste' an article from the Internet or copy a proprietary software program from another computer, or download a movie from the internet which is not licensed to be copied. All these would be unethical practices and must be avoided. For the same reason, your school computer lab must not have any pirated software. If you find any pirated software or content in the school computers, please do bring it to the notice of your teacher.
==== Free and Open Source Software and Open Educational Resources ====
One way of avoiding this unethical practice, is to use and promote Free and Open Source Software (FOSS) and Open Educational Resources (OER). FOSS and OER movements aim at providing digital resources that are licensed to allow you to make copies. In addition, you can modify the software / content resource and share again. It is ethical to use FOSS and OER. It is unethical to pirate proprietary software or content.
'''Remember that if a digital resource has no explicit copyright clause mentioned, it means it is owned by the creator with no rights for others.''' Hence when you create a digital resource, please take care to explicitly mention that it is an OER. You can do this by providing the copyright clause such as - "Copyright - Creative Commons CC BY SA 4.0", you can mention this in the first page itself, below the title of the article.
===Equitable access to ICTs and the ethical use of ICT===
==== Ethical use of internet ====
The Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility has prepared the '[http://cpsr.org/prevsite/program/ethics/cei.html/ ten commandments]' or ten rules for use of computers, some of which are listed below:
# You should not use a computer to harm other people.
# You should not interfere with other people's computer work.
# You should not snoop around in other people's computer files.
# You should not use a computer to steal.
# You should not copy or use proprietary software for which you have not paid
# You should not use other people's computer resources without authorization
# You should always use a computer in ways that ensure consideration and respect for others
This can be pasted on your computer lab as 'Do's and Dont's of using the lab.
=== ICT for connecting ===
=== Internet Safety ===
The virtual world also can be as or more dangerous than the real world. [[wikipedia:Cyberbullying|Cyber bullying]] (including by students of other students), abusive communication, on-line fraud including transfer of funds from your bank accounts etc are common. A [http://consumerreports.org/cro/magazine-archive/2011/june/electronics-computers/state-of-the-net/online-exposure/index.htm June 2011 Consumer Reports "State of the Net" survey] "unearthed several disturbing findings about children and Facebook": One million children were harassed, threatened, or subjected to other forms of [[wikipedia:Cyberbullying|cyber bullying]] during 2010.
# Of the 20 million minors who actively used Facebook in the past year, 7.5 million - or more than one-third - were younger than 13 and not supposed to be able to use the site.
# Among young users, more than 5 million were 10 and under, and their accounts were largely unsupervised by their parents.
{| class="wikitable"
|
Read these news articles and discuss among your friends. Think of the steps you should take to avoid getting into trouble.
# [http://www.deccanherald.com/content/367463/039ditched039-facebook-lover-14-year.html 'Ditched' by Facebook lover, 14-year-old girl hangs self], news article shows that the use of Facebook by children which is not supervised by parents/teachers can be quite dangerous.
# [http://www.samachar.com/Posting-photos-abusive-messages-lands-girl-student-in-jail-obknLnhfbdi.html A 20-year-old girl student was arrested] by the Cyber Crime Police on Thursday on the charge of creating a fake Facebook id. on the name of another girl and posting her photographs, phone numbers and some abusive messages and causing mental agony to her, from The Hindu
# [http://www.ndtv.com/hyderabad-news/how-a-hyderabad-student-allegedly-stalked-200-young-women-online-1216648 Hyderabad student stalked] girls through Facebook. This article shows how dangerous it can be to befriend strangers. As a simple but necessary rule, never make any friend on-line, unless you already are their friend off-line
# Using social networking sites presents children and their friends and families with safety, security, and privacy risks. [http://truth-out.org/opinion/item/19674-raffi-warns-about-possible-effects-of-fb-social-media-on-kids read the article from Truthout]
# [http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/mobile-internet-abetting-cyber-crimes-say-police/article6408305.ece Mobile Internet abetting cyber crimes, say police], Hindu September 2014
# [http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/phishing-3-victims-lose-rs-20-lakh/article6408304.ece Phishing: 3 victims lose Rs. 20 lakh], Hindu September 2014. (Banking fraud)
# [http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/open-page/a-doubleedged-sword/article7050403.ece Internet - a double-edged sword]. Hindu April 4, 2015
|}
Apart from harm that may be inflicted by others through the internet, there is harm from excessive use of the internet. See [http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/man-treated-for-internet-addiction/article6503707.ece '''Man treated for Internet addiction''']. South Korea, the country which has the highest density of internet use has [http://telegraph.co.uk/news/health/11348625/5-treatments-for-chronic-internet-addiction.html internet deaddiction centres in more than 100 hospitals]. Like any other resource, the internet needs to be used wisely, there is a danger of misuse, abuse and over-use. Please visit the following sites to learn about safe internet use
# https://www.getsafeonline.org/protecting-your-computer/safe-internet-use/
# http://blog.searchlock.com/internet-safety-tips-kids-teens/
Apart from harm to yourself, the use of the internet can cause problems for your computer, through [[wikipedia:malware|malware]] (software viruses), or spam (unwanted mails). Do not download any software or content to your computer from the internet, unless you have clear instruction from your teacher.
[[Category:TE year 1 source book]]
[[Category:TE year 1 source book]]