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# affective filter and
# affective filter and
# natural order hypothesis
# natural order hypothesis
[[File:Krashen hypotheses for language acquisition ITfC Sep 2020.jpg|right|frameless|1200x1200px|alt=Download concept map on Krashen's hypotheses]]
[[File:Krashen hypotheses for language acquisition ITfC Sep 2020.mm|alt=Krashen's hypotheses|thumb]]
Understanding these hypotheses and integrating the principles into our ELT program can enable the classroom to support learners acquire communicative skills in the English Language (and any other language as well).
Understanding these hypotheses and integrating the principles into our ELT program can enable the classroom to support learners acquire communicative skills in the English Language (and any other language as well).
Krashen says "'''Acquisition requires meaningful interaction in the target language - natural communication - in which speakers are concerned not with the form of their utterances but with the messages they are conveying and understanding. The best methods are therefore those that supply 'comprehensible input' in low anxiety situations, containing messages that students really want to hear. These methods do not force early production in the second language, but allow students to produce when they are 'ready', recognizing that improvement comes from supplying communicative and comprehensible input, and not from forcing and correcting production'''."
Krashen says "'''Acquisition requires meaningful interaction in the target language - natural communication - in which speakers are concerned not with the form of their utterances but with the messages they are conveying and understanding. The best methods are therefore those that supply 'comprehensible input' in low anxiety situations, containing messages that students really want to hear. These methods do not force early production in the second language, but allow students to produce when they are 'ready', recognizing that improvement comes from supplying communicative and comprehensible input, and not from forcing and correcting production'''."
'''<big>Download [[:File:Krashen hypotheses for language acquisition ITfC Sep 2020.mm|concept map on Krashen's hypotheses]]</big>'''
=== Integrating Krashen's hypotheses in work with Government schools ===
=== Integrating Krashen's hypotheses in work with Government schools ===
Apart from the application of the hypotheses, there is one more significant benefit to ELT - we can identify pedagogies that are actually harmful to language learning, such as
Apart from the application of the hypotheses, there is one more significant benefit to ELT - we can identify pedagogies that are actually harmful to language learning, such as
# not providing adequate input (which has to be audio/video-rich, not only text rich)
# not providing adequate meaningful input (which has to focus a lot on listening (audio), not only reading (print)
# most input provided is not very contextual or meaningful to the learner (some textbook chapters) expecting production too soon - both reading and writing
# most input provided is not very contextual or meaningful to the learner
## memorizing entire script without any other activity in the initial stages
## Textbook chapters, which may be of contexts not easily understandable
# expecting production too soon - both speaking and writing
# premature and excessive focus on formal grammar
# premature and excessive focus on formal grammar
# not providing adequate peer learning possibilities
# not providing adequate peer learning possibilities
=== Books written by Krashen ===
=== Books written by Krashen ===
[http://sdkrashen.com/content/books/sl_acquisition_and_learning.pdf Second Language Acquisition and Second Language Learning] - Stephen D Krashen URL. This book available for free download for non commercial purposes, following chapters are especially useful:
[http://sdkrashen.com/content/books/sl_acquisition_and_learning.pdf Second Language Acquisition and Second Language Learning] - Stephen D Krashen URL. This book available for free download for non-commercial purposes, following chapters are especially useful:
5. The Role of the First Language in Second Language Acquisition
5. The Role of the First Language in Second Language Acquisition
8. Relating Theory and Practice in Adult Second Language Acquisition
8. Relating Theory and Practice in Adult Second Language Acquisition
Principles and Practice in Second Language Acquisition - Krashen, S.D. URL
[https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Stephen-Krashen/publication/242431410_Principles_and_Practice_in_Second_Language_Acquisition/links/5e0a19f8a6fdcc28374ac606/Principles-and-Practice-in-Second-Language-Acquisition.pdf?_sg%5B0%5D=JUQDcILltqnMReBeIEwYy1dl Principles and Practice in Second Language Acquisition - Krashen, S.D. URL]
Book available for free download for non commercial purposes. Chapter III in this book focuses on 'Providing Input for Acquisition' - how the teacher can encourage subconscious acquisition of language. Chapter V discusses practical "Approaches to Language Teaching"
Book available for free download for non-commercial purposes. Chapter III in this book focuses on 'Providing Input for Acquisition' - how the teacher can encourage subconscious acquisition of language. Chapter V discusses practical "Approaches to Language Teaching"
[[Category:English]]
[[Category:English]]