Changes

'''''Creating your cumulative resource folder (1 hour)'''''

'''''Creating your cumulative resource folder (1 hour)'''''

* Over the two units, you will be accessing and creating learning resources.  Hence, you should identify a topic (or two), in which you are interested to create resources.  Your own work as a student teacher may require you to source / make materials for classroom use for teaching-learning processes, or you may want to share your ideas and thoughts, as a resource, with your classmates for mutual learning, or you may simply want to create a resource for your self-development.   

* Over the two units, you will be accessing and creating learning resources.  Hence, you should identify a topic (or two), in which you are interested to create resources.  Your own work as a student teacher may require you to source / make materials for classroom use for teaching-learning processes, or you may want to share your ideas and thoughts, as a resource, with your classmates for mutual learning, or you may simply want to create a resource for your self-development.   

* The topic could be from the subject(s) you teach (a science topic like ‘Heat’ or a mathematics topic such as ‘Fractions’ or a geography topic as ‘Rivers’), or a larger issue in education ('Challenges of teaching children with special needs'), or larger social issue ('Child marriage'). It will be much more meaningful learning, if as a part of this course, you could access, create and publish a learning resource on a topic which you want to learn/ know more about or need teaching resources. You could create this  resource in English or in Kannada or your own language.  

* The topic could be from the subject(s) you teach (a science topic like ‘Heat’ or a mathematics topic such as ‘Fractions’ or a geography topic such as ‘Rivers’), or an issue in education ('Challenges of teaching children with special needs'), or a larger social issue ('Child marriage'). It will be much more meaningful learning, if as a part of this course, you could access, create and publish a learning resource on a topic which you want to learn/ know more about or need teaching resources. You could create this  resource in English or in Kannada or your own language.  

* Create a folder with this topic name, this could be a sub-folder within 'Documents' folder on your computer.   

* Create a folder with this topic name, this could be a sub-folder within 'Documents' folder on your computer.   

==== What is the internet ====

==== What is the internet ====

If you want information about your bank balance, you can connect to your bank's computer from home and get the information that you want. There are many such computers in different organisations giving us different types of information. These computers are connected to one another, their network is called the internet. The internet is thus a physical network of millions of computers across the world, each of which has a unique identifier. Some of these computers act as 'servers', they store data which can be accessed by other computers and/or perform other functions to enable the movement of information across the network. The millions of computers which are part of the Internet, constitute a huge library with information on almost any issue. Apart from information, many of these computers also have applications or web tools, such as search engine, maps, translation, which have different purposes.   

If you want information about your bank balance, you can connect to your bank's computer from home and get the information that you want. There are many such computers in different organisations giving us different types of information. These computers are connected to one another, their network is called the internet. The internet is thus a physical network of millions of computers across the world, each of which has a unique identifier. Some of these computers act as 'servers', they store data which can be accessed by other computers and/or perform other functions to enable the movement of information across the network. The millions of computers which are part of the Internet, constitute a huge library with information on almost any issue. Apart from information, many of these computers also have applications or web tools, such as search engine, maps, translation, which have different purposes.   

These computers communicate or share data with one another using the protocol called the [[wikipedia:Internet_protocol_suite|TCP-IP]], (transmission control protocol / internet protocol). As the name suggests, TCP/IP is the combination of TCP and IP protocols working together. Under TCP/IP each file being transported across the Internet is broken into smaller parts called "packets" by the server. Each packet is assigned an IP (Internet protocol) address of the computer it has to travel to. As the packet moves through the global network it is "switched" by a number of servers toward its destination, the requesting computer or "client" computer. These packets do not usually travel together on the internet. Packets from the same file may travel via different paths through different servers, but toward the same destination. This “splitting into packets” technology allows us to use the internet most efficiently. It means parts of a file can be shared across a number of phone lines instead of having to find one phone line to put a large file into. It is also hard to break the network, as the data will be routed around the trouble spot. In this respect TCP/IP can be likened to a group of cars which need to go to the same destination, but instead of all of them going on one road (which may be busy), each car can select a different road out of thousands of roads available. By picking the roads with least traffic, all cars can reach the destination in overall least time. The power of the internet to rapidly move information from any computer to any computer is because of the TCP/IP protocol.  The TCP/IP protocol was invented by [[wikipedia:Vint_Cerf|Vincent Van Cerf]], [[wikipedia:Bob_Kahn|Robert Kahn]] and [[wikipedia:Louis_Pouzin|Louis Pouzin]].

These computers communicate or share data with one another using the protocol called the [[wikipedia:Internet_protocol_suite|TCP-IP]], (transmission control protocol / internet protocol). As the name suggests, TCP/IP is the combination of TCP and IP protocols working together. Under TCP/IP each file being transported across the Internet is broken into smaller parts called "packets" by the server. Each packet is assigned an IP (Internet protocol) address of the computer it has to travel to. As the packet moves through the global network it is "switched" by a number of servers toward its destination, the requesting computer or "client" computer. These packets do not usually travel together on the internet. Packets from the same file may travel via different paths through different servers, but toward the same destination. This “splitting into packets” technology allows us to use the internet most efficiently. It means parts of a file can be shared across a number of phone lines instead of having to find one phone line to put a large file into. It is also hard to break the network, as the data will be routed around the trouble spot. In this respect TCP/IP can be likened to a group of cars which need to go to the same destination, but instead of all of them going on one road (which may be busy), each car can select a different road out of thousands of roads available. By picking the roads with least traffic, all cars can reach the destination in overall least time. The power of the internet to rapidly move information from any computer to any computer is because of the TCP/IP protocol.  The TCP/IP protocol was invented by [[wikipedia:Vint_Cerf|Vincent Van Cerf]], [[wikipedia:Bob_Kahn|Robert Kahn]] and [[wikipedia:Louis_Pouzin|Louis Pouzin]].

==== World wide web ====

==== World wide web ====

World wide web (www) is an application on the internet, which allows computers to access the internet in the form of a web page, using an application called the web browser. There are millions of pages of shared information on the computers in the network, created by many people and organizations, in the form of websites. The 'web-sites' we visit are nothing but folders of computers connected to the internet.  A web site is a collection of related web pages. Web pages are identified by means of a URL (uniform resource locater), which is treated as the website address, usually beginning with “[http://%E2%80%9D http://”] .HTTP stands for hypertext transfer protocol, which is the method used for transferring web page information from the server to your computer.   

World wide web (www) is an application on the internet, which allows computers to access the internet in the form of a web page, using an application called the web browser. There are millions of pages of shared information on the computers in the network, created by many people and organizations, in the form of websites. The 'web-sites' we visit are nothing but folders of computers connected to the internet.  A web site is a collection of related web pages. Web pages are identified by means of a URL (uniform resource locater), which is treated as the website address, usually beginning with “[http://%E2%80%9D http://”] .HTTP stands for hypertext transfer protocol, which is the method used for transferring web page information from the server to your computer.   

Initially the access to the world wide web was only for downloading, this was called Web 1.0. Subsequently the second generation of world wide web was evolved, called Web 2.0., where users can create their own materials and publish on the internet, using software tools like blog or wiki. A blog is like a e-journal and teachers can create their own e-journals for reflective practice using software tools such such as [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WordPress WordPress].   

Initially the access to the world wide web was only for downloading, this was called Web 1.0. Subsequently the second generation of world wide web was evolved, called Web 2.0., where users can create their own materials and publish on the internet, using software tools like blog or wiki. A blog is like a e-journal and teachers can create their own e-journals for reflective practice using software tools such such as [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WordPress WordPress].  See the image here (Image 9) on what the Web 2.0 has brought to information sharing and connecting.   

We have moved further along now to collaborative creation of web pages, through online collaboration platforms.  Now more and more processing can be done on the internet, where the data, results and analysis is stored the internet and we can operate/ add/ access through various web based applications.  This is called [[wikipedia:Cloud_computing|Cloud Computing]].

We have moved further along now to collaborative creation of web pages, through online collaboration platforms.  Now more and more processing can be done on the internet, where the data, results and analysis is stored the internet and we can operate/ add/ access through various web based applications.  This is called [[wikipedia:Cloud_computing|Cloud Computing]].

==== Using a browser to navigate the world wide web ====

==== Using a browser to navigate the world wide web ====

To access the web sites or web pages on the worldwide web, we need to connect to the internet (through a connectivity device) and use an application called the web browser.  In this unit we will be using a free and open source web browser such as [[Learn Firefox|Mozilla Firefox]]. It is an application that allows you to browse the world wide web and search for information.  Web browsers allow a user to quickly and easily get information provided on many web pages at many websites.  We already saw that each website is a page on the internet and has an address. We can either copy and paste the link directly in the address bar of a web browser. The browser opens one web page, which has links to other web sites / web pages which we can visit by clicking on the links. Each of the subsequent pages will also have many links which we can click on. Thus we can visualise the world wide web as a huge mansion with many rooms, each room having many doors. When we enter a room (open a web page), we can access the resources in that room. We can also go from that room to other rooms through the several doors that this room has (go from one web page to another web page by clicking on any of the links on the page we are in). The new room also would have many doors. Thus we can go through the mansion from room to room (web page to web page) through the door (web link) in each room. Though the entire web is very huge, we only access it one page at a time.     

To access the web sites or web pages on the worldwide web, we need to connect to the internet (through a connectivity device) and use an application called the web browser.  In this unit we will be using a free and open source web browser such as [[Learn Firefox|Mozilla Firefox]]. It is an application that allows you to browse the world wide web and search for information.  Web browsers allow a user to quickly and easily get information provided on many web pages at many websites.  We already saw that each website is a page on the internet and has an address. We can copy and paste the link directly in the address bar of a web browser. The browser opens one web page, which has links to other web sites / web pages which we can visit by clicking on the links. Each of the subsequent pages will also have many links which we can click on. Thus we can visualise the world wide web as a huge mansion with many rooms, each room having many doors. When we enter a room (open a web page), we can access the resources in that room. We can also go from that room to other rooms through the several doors that this room has (go from one web page to another web page by clicking on any of the links on the page we are in). The new room also would have many doors. Thus we can go through the mansion from room to room (web page to web page) through the door (web link) in each room. Though the entire web is very huge, we only access it one page at a time.     

Browsing the web is taking the tour of the global virtual world, hence it will have rewards as well as expose you to risks and dangers. Refer to the last section in this chapter for internet safety suggestions.   

Browsing the web is taking the tour of the global virtual world, hence it will have rewards as well as expose you to risks and dangers. Refer to the last section in this chapter for internet safety suggestions.   

===== Opening and accessing the web browser Firefox =====

===== Opening and accessing the web browser Firefox =====

# Mozilla Firefox will appear under Applications > Internet >Firefox Web Browser, as shown in the first image in the web browser gallery  

# Mozilla Firefox will appear under Applications > Internet >Firefox Web Browser, as shown in the first image in the web browser gallery (Image 10)

# If you know the web address you can type it in the address bar. Ex; www.upsc.gov.in.  See the second image in the gallery  

# If you know the web address you can type it in the address bar. Ex; www.upsc.gov.in.  See the second image in the gallery (Image 11) 

# In the third image, you will see how to access a website if you don’t know the particular web address. You can type the key word of searching object Ex;UPSC. You can search not only for text, but also for images, videos using search engine.  Some examples of search engines are [http://google.com Google search engine] or [https://duckduckgo.com DuckDuckGo] search engine. You can search not only for text, but also for images and videos  You can download the file (video, text file, image file) to your computer.  

# In the third image (Image 12), you will see how to access a website if you don’t know the particular web address. You can type the key word of searching object Ex;UPSC. You can search not only for text, but also for images, videos using search engine.  Some examples of search engines are [http://google.com Google search engine] or [https://duckduckgo.com DuckDuckGo] search engine. You can search not only for text, but also for images and videos  You can download the file (video, text file, image file) to your computer.

#The fourth image  in the gallery shows the Google search engine, the search results has options for searching the web, or images or videos. You can download the file (video, text file, image file) in to computer.

#The fourth image  in the gallery shows the Google search engine, the search results has options for searching the web, or images or videos. You can download the file (video, text file, image file) in to computer (Image 13).

<gallery mode="packed" heights="250px" caption="Using a browser to access the internet">  

<gallery mode="packed" heights="250px" caption="Using a browser to access the internet">  

File:Firefox_1_Option_Menu_To_Open.png|400x450px|left|thumb|Opening Firefox

File:Firefox_1_Option_Menu_To_Open.png|400x450px|left|thumb|Image 10 - Opening Firefox

File:Firefox_3_Address_Bar.png|400x450px|thumb|Address bar

File:Firefox_3_Address_Bar.png|400x450px|thumb|Image 11 - Address bar

File:Firefox_4_Type_the_address.png|400x450px|left|thumb|Typing the key word of searching object

File:Firefox_4_Type_the_address.png|400x450px|left|thumb|Image 12 - Typing the key word of searching object

File:Firefox_5_Searched_Address.png|400x450px|thumb|Search results will appear

File:Firefox_5_Searched_Address.png|400x450px|thumb|Image 13 - Search results will appear

</gallery>

</gallery>

==== World wide web - A global digital library for connecting and learning ====

==== World wide web - A global digital library for connecting and learning ====

For making teaching more effective, a resource rich learning environment is necessary, though teachers may sometimes only have the text book for their subject. The text book is intended primarily for the student, and the teacher needs to access resources that are a super set of the topic as dealt in the text book, so that the teacher is well placed to teach using different approaches, based on the contexts and needs of the students. Teachers must also be resourceful to address any doubts or questions that may arise in class or elsewhere on the topic. The world wide web with its millions of web pages can be seen as a "'''Global Digital Library'''", which has resources on many topics.  To harness this library, we need to know how to search for information on the web.  After accessing the resources, making meaning depends on our skills to evaluate and organize these resources.  The resources available in the Global Digital Library can be organized into a meaningful personal digital library on our own computer, to support self learning.   

For making teaching more effective, a resource rich learning environment is necessary, though teachers may sometimes only have the text book for their subject. The text book is intended primarily for the student, and the teacher needs to access resources that are a super set of the topic as dealt in the text book, so that she is well placed to teach using different approaches, based on the contexts and needs of the students. Teachers must also be resourceful to address any doubts or questions that may arise in class or elsewhere on the topic. The world wide web with its millions of web pages can be seen as a "'''Global Digital Library'''", which has resources on many topics.  To harness this library, we need to know how to search for information on the web.  After accessing the resources, making meaning depends on our skills to evaluate and organize these resources.  The resources available in the Global Digital Library can be organized into a meaningful personal digital library on our own computer, to support self learning.   

Resources are likely to be available on all topics that may be of interest to a teacher. Resources are available in different formats on the internet- text, images, videos, audio files etc.  The text resources, however, are available predominantly in English. The same volume of information may not be available in other languages,  Teachers need and can contribute to on-line resources in Kannada and other local languages, to increase the local language resources on the web.   

Resources are likely to be available on all topics that may be of interest to a teacher. Resources are available in different formats on the internet- text, images, videos, audio files etc.  The text resources, however, are available predominantly in English. The same volume of information may not be available in other languages,  Teachers need and can contribute to on-line resources in Kannada and other local languages, to increase the local language resources on the web.