Template:Timeline History of Computing

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Period = from:1940 till:2024 ScaleMajor = unit:year increment:10 start:1940 gridcolor:grid1 ScaleMinor = unit:year increment:1 start:1940 gridcolor:grid2 AlignBars = justify

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1. bar:periods

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 barset:open_problems
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 barset:hardware_systems
 bar:dummy4
 bar:section5
 barset:operating_systems
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 bar:section6
 barset:sys_dev_software
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 bar:section7
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2. data lines are lines containing at: or from: & till: attributes
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1. bar:periods
2. from:1964 till:1972 text:"3rd Generation" width:16"

1. at:1975 text"Microsoft founded"
2. at:1976 text"Apple Computer founded"
3. at:1983 text"Borland founded"

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 bar:title    from:start till:end text:"History of Computing" fontsize:XL anchor:middle align:center width:25 color:canvas mark:(line,canvas)
 bar:section1 from:start till:end text:"Predictions and concepts"
 bar:section2 from:start till:end text:"Open problems/(Competitions)"
 bar:section3 from:start till:end text:"First use/(Inventions)"
 bar:section4 from:start till:end text:"Hardware Systems/(Processors)"
 bar:section5 from:start till:end text:"Operating Systems"
 bar:section6 from:start till:end text:"Programming Languages"
 bar:section7 from:start till:end text:"New Application Areas"

 shift:(5,-5)
 fontsize:M
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1. quotations and predictions

 width:8
 barset:quotes
 at:1949 text:"'Computers in the future may weigh no more than 1.5 tons.' —Popular Mechanics"
 at:1950 text:"'We'll have to think up bigger problems if we want to keep them busy.' —Howard Aiken"
 at:1965 text:"Moore's law: processor complexity will double every year - revised in 1975: complexity will double every two years. —Gordon E. Moore"
 at:1968 text:"No computer will be able to beat David Levy at chess in the next 10 years~ - David Levy"
 barset:skip
 at:1970 text:"Relational database —Edgar Codd"
 at:1970 text:"'In from three to eight years we will have a machine with the general intelligence of an average human being.' —Marvin Minksy"
 at:1977 text:"'There is no reason anyone would want a computer in their home.' —Ken Olson, Chairman DEC"
 barset:break
 at:1995 text:"'The Internet will suffer a catastrophic collapse~  sometime during 1996.' —Bob Metcalfe, Ethernet inventor"
 barset:skip

1. open problems / (competitions)

 barset:open_problems
 at:1950 text:"Turing Test —Alan Turing"
 barset:break
 at:1970 text:"(North American Computer Chess Championship)"
 at:1971 text:"P versus NP problem"
 at:1981 text:"Quantum Computer —Richard Feynmann"
 barset:break
 at:1989 text:"(International Olympiad in Informatics)"
 at:1992 text:"(TPC-C)"
 at:1996 text:"(CADE ATP System Competition)"
 at:1998 text:"(ICFP Programming Contest)"
 at:2001 text:"(TopCoder)"
 barset:break
 at:2003 text:"(Google Code Jam)"
 at:2005 text:"(POPLmark Challenge)"

1. first use / (inventions)

 fontsize:M
 barset:first_use
 shift:(5,-5)
 at:1940 text:"teletype" 
 at:1946 text:"electrostatic memory"
 at:1947 text:"(transistor)"
 at:1948 text:"random access memory"
 at:1948 text:"magnetic drum"
 at:1949 text:"registers"
 at:1953 text:"magnetic core memory"
 at:1956 text:"hard disk"
 at:1957 text:"dot matrix printer"
 at:1958 text:"integrated circuit"
 at:1959 text:"garbage collection"
 barset:break
 at:1962 text:"spooling"
 at:1962 text:"interrupts"
 at:1962 text:"virtual memory"
 at:1962 text:"paging"
 at:1963 text:"mouse"
 at:1965 text:"time-sharing"
 at:1965 text:"fuzzy logic"
 at:1965 text:"packet switching"
 at:1969 text:"ARPANET"
 at:1969 text:"RS-232"
 barset:break
 at:1970 text:"dynamic RAM"
 at:1971 text:"floppy disk"
 at:1971 text:"microprocessor~(4004)"
 barset:skip
 at:1972 text:"game console~(Magnavox Odyssey)"
 barset:skip
 at:1973 text:"ethernet"
 at:1973 text:"touchscreen"
 at:1974 text:"TCP/IP"
 at:1975 text:"single-board computer"
 at:1976 text:"laser printer"
 at:1976 text:"supercomputer"
 at:1979 text:"compact disk"
 at:1979 text:"VMEbus"
 barset:break
 at:1981 text:"ISA bus"
 at:1981 text:"WIMP (GUI)"
 at:1981 text:"CGA video card"
 at:1981 text:"Smartmodem"
 at:1982 text:"MIDI"
 at:1982 text:"RISC CPU"
 at:1982 text:"portable PC"
 at:1982 text:"Multi-touch technology"
 at:1983 text:"math~coprocessor"
 barset:skip
 at:1983 text:"PC harddisk"
 at:1984 text:"DNS (Domain~Name Server)"
 barset:skip
 at:1984 text:"IDE interface"
 at:1985 text:"Expanded Memory"
 at:1985 text:"EGA video card"
 at:1985 text:"CD ROM"
 at:1986 text:"ATA interface"
 at:1986 text:"SCSI interface"
 at:1986 text:"Personal digital assistant"
 barset:break
 at:1987 text:"massive parallel computing~(Connection Machine)"
 barset:skip
 at:1987 text:"VGA video card"
 at:1987 text:"sound card for PC (AD-LIB)"
 at:1988 text:"optical chip"
 at:1988 text:"EISA bus"
 at:1990 text:"SVGA video card,~VESA driver"
 barset:skip
 at:1991 text:"PCMCIA"
 at:1992 text:"CD-I"
 at:1993 text:"PCI bus"
 at:1994 text:"Smartphone"
 at:1994 text:"DNA computing"
 at:1994 text:"Beowulf cluster"
 at:1995 text:"Firewire"
 at:1995 text:"USB"
 at:1995 text:"DVD-ROM"
 at:1997 text:"AGP"
 at:1998 text:"ADSL"
 barset:break
 at:2001 text:"Blade servers"
 at:2003 text:"Serial ATA"
 at:2004 text:"PCI Express"
 at:2004 text:"Onion routing~(Tor)"
 barset:break
 at:2009 text:"Cryptocurrency"
 at:2009 text:"Blockchain"
 at:2013 text:"Docker"

1. Hardware systems and processors

 barset:hardware_systems
 at:1940 text:"Model I~Relay Calculator"
 barset:skip
 at:1941 text:"Atanasoff–Berry Computer"
 at:1941 text:"Z3"
 at:1943 text:"Harvard Mark I"
 at:1943 text:"Relay Interpolator"
 at:1943 text:"Colossus"
 at:1946 text:"ENIAC"
 at:1948 text:"IBM SSEC"
 at:1948 text:"Manchester SSEM"
 at:1949 text:"Manchester Mark 1"
 at:1951 text:"Ferranti Mark 1~first commercial computer"
 barset:skip
 at:1951 text:"LEO I - first business computer"
 at:1951 text:"UNIVAC I"
 at:1951 text:"Whirlwind"
 at:1952 text:"UNIVAC 1101"
 at:1952 text:"IBM 701"
 barset:break
 at:1953 text:"Strela"
 at:1954 text:"IBM 650"
 at:1954 text:"IBM 704"
 at:1955 text:"Harwell CADET"
 at:1956 text:"IBM 305 RAMAC"
 at:1957 text:"IBM 608"
 at:1958 text:"UNIVAC II"
 at:1958 text:"AN/FSQ-7 - largest~computers ever built"
 barset:skip
 at:1959 text:"IBM 1401"
 at:1960 text:"DEC PDP-1"
 at:1960 text:"CDC 1604"
 at:1961 text:"IBM 7030 Stretch"
 at:1962 text:"ATLAS"
 at:1962 text:"ReserVec"
 at:1963 text:"DEC PDP-6"
 at:1964 text:"IBM 360"
 at:1964 text:"DEC PDP-8"
 barset:break
 at:1965 text:"CDC 6600~1st supercomputer"
 barset:skip
 at:1966 text:"BESM-6"
 at:1968 text:"DEC PDP-10"
 at:1970 text:"Datapoint 2200"
 at:1970 text:"DEC PDP-11"
 at:1971 text:"electronic~calculator TI"
 barset:skip
 at:1971 text:"(4004)"
 at:1972 text:"scientific~calculator HP"
 barset:skip
 at:1972 text:"(8008)"
 at:1972 text:"1st 32-bit~ supermini"
 barset:skip
 at:1974 text:"(8080)"
 at:1974 text:"(MC 6800)"
 barset:break
 at:1975 text:"Altair 8800~1st personal~computer"
 barset:skip
 barset:skip
 at:1976 text:"(Z80)"
 at:1976 text:"(6502)"
 at:1976 text:"Cray-1"
 at:1976 text:"Apple I"
 at:1977 text:"DEC VAX-11"
 at:1977 text:"Apple II"
 at:1977 text:"TRS-80"
 at:1978 text:"(8086)"
 at:1979 text:"PET"
 at:1979 text:"(MC68000)"
 barset:break
 at:1980 text:"VIC-20"
 at:1980 text:"ZX80"
 at:1980 text:"Apple III"
 at:1981 text:"8010~Star"
 barset:skip
 at:1981 text:"ZX81"
 at:1981 text:"IBM PC"
 at:1982 text:"BBC Micro"
 at:1982 text:"C64"
 at:1982 text:"(80286)"
 at:1982 text:"Compaq~Portable"
 barset:skip
 at:1982 text:" ~ZX Spectrum"
 barset:skip
 at:1983 text:"Apple IIe"
 at:1983 text:"Lisa"
 at:1983 text:"IBM XT"
 at:1983 text:"IBM PC jr"
 barset:break
 at:1984 text:"Macintosh"
 at:1984 text:"LaserJet printer"
 at:1984 text:"IBM AT"
 at:1984 text:"(MIPS R2000)"
 at:1985 text:"Atari ST"
 at:1985 text:"Commodore Amiga"
 at:1986 text:"Amstrad 1512"
 at:1986 text:"(ARM2)"
 at:1987 text:"Acorn Archimedes"
 at:1987 text:"Connection Machine"
 at:1987 text:"IBM PS/2"
 at:1989 text:"(80486)"
 barset:break
 at:1993 text:"(66MHz~Pentium)"
 barset:skip
 at:1998 text:"iMac"
 at:1999 text:"PowerMac"
 barset:break
 at:2000 text:"(1GHz Pentium)"
 at:2001 text:"(POWER4) (dual core)"
 at:2001 text:"(Itanium)"
 at:2003 text:"(PowerPC G5)"
 at:2003 text:"(Athlon 64)"
 at:2006 text:"(Cell)"
 barset:break
 at:2010 text:"iPad"
 at:2011 text:"Kindle~Fire"

1. major or well known operating systems selection based on
2. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_systems_timeline

 barset:operating_systems
 at:1955 text:"GM Research~  OS for the~  IBM 701"
 barset:skip
 barset:skip
 at:1956 text:"GM-NAA I/O"
 at:1958 text:"UMES"
 at:1959 text:"SHARE"
 barset:break
 at:1960 text:"IBSYS"
 at:1961 text:"CTSS"
 at:1961 text:"Burroughs MCP"
 at:1962 text:"GECOS"
 at:1964 text:"DTSS"
 at:1964 text:"TOPS-10"
 at:1965 text:"OS/360"
 at:1965 text:"Multics"
 at:1967 text:"ITS"
 at:1967 text:"MTS"
 at:1967 text:"CP/CMS"
 at:1967 text:"WAITS"
 at:1969 text:"ACP"
 at:1969 text:"TENEX/TOPS-20"
 at:1969 text:"Unix"
 barset:break
 at:1970 text:"RT-11"
 at:1970 text:"RSTS-11"
 at:1972 text:"VM/CMS"
 at:1974 text:"MVS"
 at:1976 text:"CP/M"
 at:1978 text:"Apple DOS 3.1"
 at:1978 text:"VMS"
 at:1980 text:"OS-9"
 at:1981 text:"MS-DOS"
 barset:break
 at:1982 text:"SunOS"
 at:1983 text:"Lisa OS"
 at:1983 text:"UNIX System V"
 at:1984 text:"Macintosh OS"
 at:1984 text:"GNU project"
 at:1985 text:"AmigaOS"
 at:1985 text:"Atari TOS"
 at:1985 text:"Windows 1.0"
 at:1986 text:"Mach"
 at:1986 text:"AIX"
 at:1986 text:"GS-OS"
 at:1986 text:"HP-UX"
 at:1987 text:"IRIX"
 at:1987 text:"Minix"
 at:1987 text:"OS/2"
 at:1987 text:"Windows 2.0"
 at:1987 text:"RISC OS"
 barset:break
 at:1988 text:"OS/400"
 at:1988 text:"POSIX Standard" 
 at:1989 text:"NeXTSTEP"
 at:1989 text:"SCO Unix"
 at:1990 text:"BeOS"
 at:1990 text:"OSF/1"
 at:1991 text:"Linux kernel"
 at:1992 text:"Solaris"
 at:1992 text:"Windows 3.1"
 at:1992 text:"OS/2 2.0"
 at:1992 text:"SLS Linux"
 at:1992 text:"UnixWare"
 at:1993 text:"Windows NT 3.1"
 at:1993 text:"Slackware Linux"
 at:1993 text:"Debian GNU/Linux"
 at:1994 text:"Red Hat Linux"
 barset:break
 at:1995 text:"OpenBSD"
 at:1995 text:"OS/390"
 at:1995 text:"Windows 95"
 at:1996 text:"MkLinux"
 at:1996 text:"SUSE Linux"
 at:1997 text:"Mac OS 7.6"
 at:1997 text:"Symbian"
 at:1998 text:"Windows 98"
 at:1999 text:"BlackBerry OS"
 at:1999 text:"Mac OS 8"
 at:2000 text:"Mac OS 9"
 at:2000 text:"Windows Me"
 at:2000 text:"Windows 2000"
 at:2001 text:"Mac OS X"
 at:2001 text:"Windows XP"
 at:2001 text:"z/OS"
 barset:break
 at:2002 text:"Gentoo Linux"
 at:2003 text:"Windows Server 2003"
 at:2004 text:"Ubuntu"
 at:2007 text:"iOS"
 at:2007 text:"Windows Vista"
 at:2008 text:"Android"
 at:2009 text:"Windows 7" 
 barset:break
 at:2011 text:"Chrome~OS"

1. major or well known programming languages & dev tools selection based on
2. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_programming_languages
3. generally only first versions are listed

 barset:sys_dev_software
 at:1945 text:"Plankalkül~  (Plan Calculus)"
 barset:skip
 barset:break
 at:1952 text:"A-0"
 at:1954 text:"Mark I"
 at:1957 text:"FORTRAN I"
 at:1958 text:"ALGOL 58"
 at:1958 text:"LISP"
 at:1959 text:"MAD"
 barset:break
 at:1960 text:"COBOL"
 at:1962 text:"APL"
 at:1962 text:"Simula"
 at:1962 text:"SNOBOL"
 at:1964 text:"BASIC"
 at:1966 text:"FORTRAN 66"
 at:1967 text:"BCPL"
 at:1968 text:"ALGOL 68"
 at:1968 text:"Logo"
 at:1969 text:"PL/I"
 at:1969 text:"B"
 barset:break
 at:1970 text:"Pascal"
 at:1970 text:"Forth"
 at:1972 text:"Smalltalk"
 at:1972 text:"C"
 at:1972 text:"Prolog"
 at:1973 text:"ML"
 at:1975 text:"Scheme"
 at:1977 text:"FORTRAN 77"
 at:1977 text:"IDL"
 at:1978 text:"VISICALC"
 at:1978 text:"Modula-2"
 at:1978 text:"SQL"
 at:1979 text:"AWK"
 at:1979 text:"REXX"
 at:1979 text:"DBASE-II"
 barset:break
 at:1983 text:"Ada"
 at:1983 text:"C++"
 at:1983 text:"Turbo Pascal"
 at:1984 text:"Common Lisp"
 at:1985 text:"PARADOX"
 at:1985 text:"PostScript"
 at:1985 text:"Caml"
 at:1986 text:"Eiffel"
 at:1986 text:"Objective-C"
 at:1987 text:"HyperTalk"
 at:1987 text:"SQL"
 at:1987 text:"Perl"
 at:1987 text:"Erlang"
 at:1987 text:"Tcl"
 at:1988 text:"Mathematica"
 barset:break
 at:1990 text:"Haskell"
 at:1991 text:"Python"
 at:1991 text:"Visual Basic"
 at:1993 text:"AppleScript"
 at:1995 text:"Delphi"
 at:1995 text:"JavaScript"
 at:1995 text:"Java"
 at:1995 text:"Ruby"
 at:1996 text:"OCaml"
 at:1997 text:"PHP"
 at:1999 text:"XSLT"
 barset:break
 at:2000 text:"D"
 at:2000 text:"C#"
 at:2000 text:"ActionScript"
 at:2003 text:"Scala"
 at:2005 text:"F#"
 at:2007 text:"Clojure"
 at:2009 text:"CoffeeScript"

1. New application areas

 barset:applications
 at:1951 text:"electronic music"
 barset:break
 at:1960 text:"compiler compiler"
 at:1961 text:"timesharing (CTSS)"
 at:1962 text:"flight booking"
 at:1962 text:"computer game"
 at:1965 text:"bulletin board"
 at:1965 text:"email (CTSS)"
 at:1965 text:"super computing"
 at:1968 text:"interactive computing~(mouse, windows, hypertext,~full screen word processing)"
 barset:skip
 barset:skip
 at:1969 text:"networking"
 barset:break
 at:1970 text:"flight data processor"
 at:1971 text:"Non-linear video editing"
 at:1972 text:"arcade video game"
 at:1977 text:"spreadsheet"
 at:1977 text:"electronic stock market"
 at:1979 text:"Usenet"
 barset:break
 at:1984 text:"WYSIWYG word~processing"
 barset:skip
 at:1989 text:"World Wide Web"
 barset:break
 at:1993 text:"Web search engine"
 at:1995 text:"wikis"
 at:1997 text:"blogs"
 at:1997 text:"wireless networking"

1. extra years

 mark:(line,grid1)
 bar:dummy1
 shift:(2,-8)
 fontsize:XS
 textcolor:years
 at:1940 text:40
 at:1950 text:50
 at:1960 text:60
 at:1970 text:70
 at:1980 text:80
 at:1990 text:90
 at:2010 text:10
 shift:(-10,-8)
 at:2000 text:2000
 bar:dummy2
 shift:(2,-8)
 at:1940 text:40
 at:1950 text:50
 at:1960 text:60
 at:1970 text:70
 at:1980 text:80
 at:1990 text:90
 at:2010 text:10
 shift:(-10,-8)
 at:2000 text:2000
 bar:dummy3
 shift:(2,-8)
 at:1940 text:40
 at:1950 text:50
 at:1960 text:60
 at:1970 text:70
 at:1980 text:80
 at:1990 text:90
 at:2010 text:10
 shift:(-10,-8)
 at:2000 text:2000
 bar:dummy4
 shift:(2,-8)
 at:1940 text:40
 at:1950 text:50
 at:1960 text:60
 at:1970 text:70
 at:1980 text:80
 at:1990 text:90
 at:2010 text:10
 shift:(-10,-8)
 at:2000 text:2000
 bar:dummy5
 shift:(2,-8)
 at:1940 text:40
 at:1950 text:50
 at:1960 text:60
 at:1970 text:70
 at:1980 text:80
 at:1990 text:90
 at:2010 text:10
 shift:(-10,-8)
 at:2000 text:2000

</timeline>