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| (इसी सदस्य द्वारा किये गये बीच के ४३ अवतरण नहीं दर्शाए गए) |
| पंक्ति १: |
पंक्ति १: |
| − | {| style="height:10px; float:right; align:center;"
| + | #पुनर्प्रेषित [[उबंटू सीखिए]] |
| − | |<div style="width:150px;border:none; border-radius:10px;box-shadow: 5px 5px 5px #888888; background:#ffffff; vertical-align:top; text-align:center; padding:5px;">
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| − | ''[http://karnatakaeducation.org.in/KOER/index.php/%E0%B2%89%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%81_%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF ಕನ್ನಡದಲ್ಲಿ ನೋಡಿ]''</div>
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| − | {{Template:Book-sidebar}}
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| − | ===परिचय===
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| − | संचालन तंत्र को तंत्र सॉफ्टवेयर भी कहते हैं क्योंकि यह हार्डवेयर के साथ कार्य करता है। प्रत्येक कंप्यूटर में अन्य कप्यूटर कार्यक्रमों को चलाने के लिए एक संचालन तंत्र होना चाहिए। यहाँ तक कि आपके मोबाइल में भी एक संचालन तंत्र होगा। जब आप कंप्यूटर को चालू करते हैं तो संचालन तंत्र स्वचालित रूप से प्रारम्भ होते हैं, यह प्रक्रिया बूटिंग कहलाती है। अन्य सभी कंप्यूटर कार्यक्रम, जैसे पेंट करने, टाइप करने, संगीत सुनने, गणित सीखने, आदि के कार्यक्रम अनुप्रयोग सॉफ्टवेयर या 'ऐप्स' कहलाते हैं, जो तंत्र सॉफ्टवेयर के साथ कार्य करते हैं।
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| − | | |
| − | उबंटू एक [[wikipedia:Free_and_open-source_software|स्वतंत्र और खुला सॉफ्टवेयर]] (संक्षेप में फॉस/FOSS) संचालन तंत्र है। आप माइक्रोसॉफ्ट विंडोज़ से परिचित हो सकते हैं या एडोब रीडर नामक अनुप्रयोग को काम में लिया होगा। विंडोस या एडोब फोटोशॉप '[[wikipedia:Proprietary|मालिकाना]]' हैं, अर्थात इसे हमारे द्वारा नकल, साझा या बदला नहीं जा सकता। फॉस अनुप्रयोग 'जनरल पब्लिक लाइसेंस' के अंतर्गत लाइसेंस प्राप्त हैं। इसलिए हम सब इस सॉफ्टवेयर को स्वतंत्र रूप से साझा कर सकते हैं, हम इसे अपनी आवश्यकताओं के अनुसार संशोधित भी कर सकते हैं। अत: यह महत्वपूर्ण है कि हम फॉस को अपने स्कूलों में उपयोग में लें। शिक्षक आवश्यक रूप से फॉस को सीखें और सिखाएँ तथा मालिकाना सॉफ्टवेयर से बचें, क्योंकि हम सब के लिए मालिकाना सॉफ्टवेयर की उपलब्धता और उपयोग संभव नहीं हो पाता, और किसी के लिए भी (विक्रेता के अलावा) इस सॉफ्टवेयर का अध्ययन करना या उसमें कोई संशोधन करना संभव नहीं होता।
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| − | चूँकि [[wikipedia:Productivity_software#Office_suite|ऑफिस सूट, वेब ब्राउज़र]], शैक्षिक सॉफ्टवेयर जैसे सभी सॉफ्टवेयर उबंटू जीएनयू/लिनक्स संचालन तंत्र के साथ समूहित किए जा सकते हैं, इसलिए ये सभी अनुप्रयोग कंप्यूटर पर एक साथ स्थापित किए जा सकते हैं। मालिकाना सॉफ्टवेयर विंडोज़ पर, प्रत्येक सॉफ्टवेयर को अलग से स्थापित करना पड़ता है, जो इसे बोझिल तथा समय लेने वाला बना सकता है। अन्य कंप्यूटर को [[wikipedia:Pointing_device|माउस]] से चलाने के लिए संचालन तंत्र [[wikipedia:Graphical_user_interface|ग्राफिक यूज़र इंटरफेस]] (GUI, जिसका उच्चारण गूई है) नामक एक कार्यक्रम को उपयोग में लेते हैं। लोकप्रिय संचालन तंत्र [[wikipedia:Microsoft_Windows|माइक्रोसॉफ्ट विंडोस]], [[wikipedia:Linux|जीएनयू/लिनक्स]] और [[wikipedia:MacOS|मैक ओएसएक्स]] हैं। इस भाग में, आप [https://teacher-network.in/OER/index.php?title=Learn_Ubuntu उबंटू] जीएनयू/लिनक्स संचालन तंत्र के उदाहरण का उपयोग कर, एक संचालन तंत्र के कार्यों के बारे में सीखेंगे। यह सीखने के बाद, आप एक कंप्यूटर को विंडोस या मैक ओएसएक्स संचालन तंत्रों के साथ भी संचालित कर सकते हैं। याद रखें कि हम एक सॉफ्टवेयर अनुप्रयोग की प्रक्रियाओं को सीखने पर ध्यान दे रहे हैं, ताकि इसको सीखने के बाद हम इसी प्रकार के अन्य अनुप्रयोगों को भी उपयोग कर सकें।
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| − | ==== मूलभूत जानकारी ====
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| − | {| class="wikitable"
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| − | |-
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| − | |आईसीटी सक्षमता
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| − | |उबंटू जीएनयू/लिनक्स कंप्यूटर के लिए एक संचालन तंत्र है। यह संचालन तंत्र वह नीव है जो उपयोगकर्ता और अन्य सॉफ्टवेयर अनुप्रयोगों के मध्य इंटरफ़ेस का आधार बनता है। इसलिए उबंटू सीखना मूलभूत डिजिटल साक्षरता का गठन करता है।
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| − | |-
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| − | |शैक्षिक अनुप्रयोग तथा प्रासंगिकता
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| − | |उबंटू पर गणित, विज्ञान, सामाजिक विज्ञान, भाषा, आदि से संबंधित बहुत से स्वतंत्र रूप से साझा करने योग्य साधन (टूल्स) उपलब्ध हैं, जिनका उपयोग सभी स्कूलों में किया जा सकता है। इसके अलावा जीएनयू/लिनक्स पर बहुत सारे स्वतंत्र रूप से साझा करने योग्य साधन हैं, जैसे [[wikipedia:Intelligent_Input_Bus|आईबीयूएस]] जो तेलंगाना में उपयोग की जाने वाली सभी भाषाओं, जैसे तेलगू, उर्दू, कन्नड़, तमिल, मराठी, हिन्दी, आदि सहित 50 से अधिक भाषाओं में वर्ड प्रोसेसिंग में मदद करता है। दृष्टिबाधितों द्वारा कंप्यूटर स्क्रीन पर विषयवस्तु पढ़ने के लिए [[wikipedia:Orca_(disambiguation)|ओआरसीए]] स्क्रीन रीडर का उपयोग किया जा सकता है। डेस्कटॉप प्रकाशन के लिए [[wikipedia:Scribus|स्क्रिबस]] का प्रयोग किया जा सकता है।
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| − | |संस्करण
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| − | [[wikipedia:Canonical_(company)|कैनोनिकल]] छह माह में एक बार उबंटू का एक नया संस्करण जारी करता है। पहली बार उबंटू अप्रैल 2004 में जारी हुआ था। पिछला जारी उबंटू 16.10 (दिसंबर 2016) है, परंतु उबंटू 16.04 नवीनतम [https://wiki.ubuntu.com/LTS एलटीएस] (लॉन्ग टर्म स्पोर्ट) संस्करण है, जिसका आप उपयोग करेंगे।
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| − | |विन्यास
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| − | |To install and use Ubuntu on your computer, it should have following configuration:
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| − | Processor: 2 GHz dual core processor or better<br>Memory: 1GB of RAM (2GB recommended)<br>
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| − | Disk: 30GB of disk space depending on options<br>
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| − | Graphics: If you plan to use the netbook interface, you will require a graphics card that supports 3D acceleration on Ubuntu. <br>
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| − | Either a DVD drive or a USB port for the installer media.
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| − | If your computer does not match the above hardware specifications, or is old, install [[wikipedia:Lubuntu|Lubuntu]] OS. Lubuntu is an Ubuntu based distribution meant for low hardware configuration computers. Lubuntu is a fast and lightweight operating system. It has low hardware requirements. Download Lubuntu ISO 32 bit from [http://cdimage.ubuntu.com/lubuntu/releases/16.10/release/lubuntu-16.10-desktop-i386.iso here] and 64 bit [http://cdimage.ubuntu.com/lubuntu/releases/16.10/release/lubuntu-16.10-desktop-amd64.iso here].
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| − | |ऐसे ही अन्य अनुप्रयोग
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| − | |[[wikipedia:Linux_Mint|मिंट]], [[wikipedia:Debian|डेबियन]], [[wikipedia:OpenSUSE|ओपन एसयूएसई]], और [[wikipedia:Fedora|फेडोरा]] लोकप्रिय लिनक्स वितरण हैं।
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| − | |मोबाइल और टैबलेट पर अनुप्रयोग
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| − | उबंटू कुछ चुनिंदा [https://ubuntu.com/mobile/devices मोबाइल फोन] तथा [https://ubuntu.com/mobile/devices टैबलेट] पर उपलब्ध है।
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| − | |विकास और सामुदायिक सहायता
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| − | उबंटू उपयोगकर्ताओं की मदद करने वाले कई सामुदायिक मंच हैं।
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| − | * [https://help.ubuntu.com/community/CommunityHelpWiki सामुदायिक विकी सहायता]
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| − | * [https://community.ubuntu.com/help-information/ उबंटू सहायता]
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| − | | |
| − | |}
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| − | | |
| − | ==== विशेषताओं का संक्षिप्त विवरण ====
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| − | Ubuntu performs all the basic functions expected of an operating system.
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| − | # It allows the user to login and logout and keeps the user data secure within that login
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| − | # Users can browse the folders and files using a file browser
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| − | # Users can use different applications on their computer for creating and accessing files. This includes accessing, creating, editing text, image, audio, video, animation files.
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| − | # Users can connect to other devices - printers and scanners, mobile phones, pen drives, external hard disks and other storage devices, external DVD writers etc.
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| − | # Users can connect to the internet.
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| − | Ubuntu is shipped with many applications relevant to education including GCompris, KDE Edutainment Suite, Ubuntu Menu editor, LibreOffice, Gnome Nanny etc. Ubuntu is available to [https://www.ubuntu.com/download/desktop freely download]. Edubuntu's default GUI is Unity while GNOME is also available.
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| − | | |
| − | ===Working with the application===
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| − | ====Starting and shutting down your computer====
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| − | <gallery mode="packed" heights="200px" caption="Starting and stopping work on your computer">
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| − | File:Ubuntu Login screen.png|Ubuntu login screen
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| − | File:Edubuntu 1 Education Menu has many educational Applications.png|Ubuntu Home screen
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| − | File:Shut_down_option_1.png|Shutdown the computer
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| − | </gallery>The above images show you the basic Ubuntu interface.
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| − | #'''Logging in''': When you switch on your computer, you will see a login screen. Login with the user id (name) and password created by the system administrator. '''Ubuntu''' allows you to have a user interface in your own language, by specifying your language as the user language, during your user id creation. Once you have logged in, the home screen will appear.
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| − | #The second image shows you the Ubuntu home screen. The applications menu at the top left has a list of all the programmes (apps) on your computer. The '''Places''' menu, next to it, lets you access the 'places' on your computer including the hard disk, CD/DVD or pen drives. Digital cameras and MP3 players are also listed here when plugged-in. The '''Applications''' menu has sub menus for Education, Office, Internet, Games etc. Each sub-menu has many applications. You can try to learn them yourselves by clicking and selecting options.
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| − | #'''Shutting down the computer-''' What will you do after you have finished your work? You have to turn off the computer. You must turn it off by clicking on the last button on the right hand top corner and select shut down. Never turn off the power button without shutting the computer properly.
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| − | ====Creating and managing folders and files====
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| − | <gallery mode="packed" heights="200px" caption="Creating and managing folders and files">
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| − | File:EdUbuntu 2 File Manager.png|Managing files and folders
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| − | File:File_Search.png|File search
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| − | </gallery>
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| − | #Creating and managing files and folders - When you write an essay or paint something on a paper, you would like to keep it for future, right? You would probably put it in a hard bound folder. Maybe, if you have more than one essay or painting, you would have one folder to hold your essays and one folder to hold your paintings.
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| − | ##To create new folder right click on your mouse and click on "New Folder". Rename the folder and save your files in it. You can also create many sub folders within that.
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| − | ##Always give meaningful names for folders, so that you can easily search for them later.
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| − | ##You can move folders, and files across folders.
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| − | ##You can create a file by opening a application, and creating a new file to prepare your content. You can create text documents with LibreOffice Writer, Images with Tux Paint etc.
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| − | #From '''HOME''' folder you can search any files and folders which you have saved in your computer, click on search option on the toolbar and type the keywords of the file or folder, it will show the all files contains our searching keywords in your computer. If you have an idea about the location of the file you are searching, you can launch the search from within that folder itself, instead of the Home folder, this will show you a lesser number of files
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| − | | |
| − | ====Opening files by "open with" option====
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| − | <gallery mode="packed" heights="250px" caption="Opening files with applications">
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| − | File:Opening with options in Ubuntu.png|"Openwith" option
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| − | File:Opeming file with multiple application.png|Openwith Multiple Application
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| − | </gallery>
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| − | | |
| − | #A file can usually be opened with any given application in Ubuntu which supports that particular file. For example, an image file can be opened with image viewer, gimp, etc. So if you want to open with a application of your choice, right click on file select "Open with" to see the available options.
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| − | #File can be opened with multiple application in Ubuntu which support that particular file. For example, an image file can be opened with image viewer and also can be with Gimp, Mypaint, Kolorpaint, Shotwell viewer etc. So if you want to open the file with a application of your choice, right click on file select "Open with" to see the available multiple options.
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| − | | |
| − | ====Import files and folders from external device====
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| − | <gallery mode="packed" heights="300px" caption="Access and copy from external device">
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| − | File:Import file from External Device.png|Access external device
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| − | File:Copy files from External device.png|Copy from external device
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| − | </gallery>
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| − | #You can import files from other devices. You can insert devices such as CDs, DVDs or memory cards into your computer.
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| − | ##Connect the devices such as pen drives, memory card holders, external DVD drives using a cable, to your computer.
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| − | ##Click on "Places" from your desktop top panel. You can see your device name.
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| − | ##Click on your device name to view the files from that device.
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| − | #To import files from devices, right click on that file and click on "Copy", then paste it into your computer folder.You can copy audio and video files, that you have recorded on your mobile phone, to your computer. You can edit these files. In the same way, you can copy these and other files from your computer to your mobile phone.
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| − | You should periodically take back up of important files on your computer and store it on a pen drive or an external hard disk. So that if the hard disk of your computer has a problem or crashes, you would not lose your data entirely.
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| − | | |
| − | {{Ambox
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| − | | text = Study how there are different kinds of connecting cables, for different devices / ports on your computer. Use the appropriate cable in each case. You can connect printers, scanners, projectors to suitable ports on your computer.
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| − | | type = notice
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| − | }}
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| − | | |
| − | ====Changing user interface language in Ubuntu ====
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| − | English will be default interface in Ubuntu but you can also use Ubuntu in you local languages like Telugu, Kannada or Tamil.
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| − | <gallery mode="packed" heights="200px">
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| − | File:Ubuntu language main page.png|Select Language support from System settings
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| − | File:Ubuntu language support list.png| Changing language from English to Telugu
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| − | File:Telugu moved to first.png|Arrange language list
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| − | </gallery>
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| − | # To get started, goto <u>Applications -> System tools -> System settings -> Language support</u>.
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| − | # It may ask you to update or add components to your current default language when you first open the dialog. If you do not have internet connect then click "Remind Me Later" and If you have good internet connection, select install to update your language lists.
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| − | # Now we are ready to change our Ubuntu interface language. Find your new language in the list, and then click and drag it to the top of the list and click Apply '''System-Wide'''.
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| − | # Once you have set you language as first and click on "system-wide", you will need to '''log out''' of your account and '''log in''' to see your new interface language.
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| − | <gallery mode="packed" heights="250px">
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| − | File:Renaming Ubuntu default folders.png| Renaming folder name
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| − | File:Telugu desktop.png|Telugu Ubuntu interface
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| − | </gallery>
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| − | 5. Ubuntu may ask if you want to update your user folders names to your new language, Select Rename folder option.
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| − | {{clear}}
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| − | | |
| − | ====Adding software applications to your computer system====
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| − | [[File:Ubuntu_software_center1.png|450px|left|frame|Ubuntu software centre]]
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| − | You can add many more FOSS applications to your computer. Select the "Ubuntu software centre" - You can download applications from the Internet. Teachers can explore new FOSS educational tools and utilities.
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| − | | |
| − | Go to Applications > System Tools -> Software. You will need to type the required application name in the search bar. It will show all applications with the words you have entered and you will get an option for "Install". Click on "install" if you want to install the application. If your search does not get the application(s) you want, try with fewer letters / words to search.
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| − | It may ask your Ubuntu log in password for authentication, just type your Ubuntu password press enter.
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| − | {{clear}}
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| − | If you have doubts or difficulties in using the Ubuntu operating system or any of the applications, you can search for solutions on the Internet using a search engine or refer to '[http://karnatakaeducation.org.in/KOER/en/index.php/Frequently_Asked_Questions Frequently asked questions]'.
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| − | | |
| − | ==== Saving the files and formats ====
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| − | <blockquote>Not applicable</blockquote>
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| − | ===Adding your languages to type in Ubuntu===
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| − | In Ubuntu by default you can type English in any application and by default it will use only Unicode fonts unless you manually changing it to non-unicode.
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| − | [[File:Selecting Ibus in your computer .png|300px|left|thumb|Selecting Ibus for typing languages]] Also you can type any your local languages in Ubuntu by adding language into the list. For typing in any local language, Ubuntu will use application called Ibus. You can follow the below step to set up Ibus and to add languages in the typing list. <br>
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| − | # Go to Applications -> System tools -> System Settings -> Language Support ->Look at the Keyboard input method system Select '''IBus''' and close the window.
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| − | # Log-out your computer and log-in to applying this changes.
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| − | {{clear}}
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| − | Now you have to add your languages in "Text Entry" to type it. You can type multiple language in any application by adding it in this list.<br>
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| − | <gallery mode="packed" heights="200px" caption="Adding languages in Text Entry">
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| − | File:Ibus - adding languages in Text entry.png|Selecting Text Entry from the top panel
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| − | File:Ibus - select plus to add .png| Adding languages in Text Entry
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| − | File:Ibus - adding languages.png| Adding Telugu to my language list
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| − | </gallery>
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| − | # Click on '''"En"''' from the top panel and select "Text Entry".
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| − | # Once the Text Entry window opens, click on "+" arrow mark, as shown in image.
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| − | # The language list window will open, search your languages by typing it in search box. It will show the all the typing methods for the language. Choose a keyboard layout you are comfortable with and click "Add".
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| − | # Yes, you are finished all the set up, after this your language list looks like below.
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| − | <gallery mode="packed" heights="200px" caption="Adding languages in Text Entry">
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| − | File:Ibus - added telugu.png|Added Telugu 3 typing methods
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| − | </gallery> <br>
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| − | Now it time to type type your added language in most of the applications. Click on the language panel "En" (right top corner of the screen) and select language in which you want to type. When you select language, icon will change to that language. The very important is you can add multiple languages in this list.
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| − | | |
| − | ===Advanced features===
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| − | Ubuntu contains a wide range of software that includes LibreOffice, Firefox, Thunderbird and several games and Educational tools. Many additional software packages are accessible from the built in Ubuntu Software Center. More complex commands can be given to the computer using the 'Terminal' interface, this is really for those who have technical expertise.
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| − | | |
| − | ===Installation===
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| − | | |
| − | ==== Hardware requirement for Ubuntu installation ====
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| − | * Dual core processor and above
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| − | * 2 GB RAM (system memory)
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| − | * 30 GB of hard-drive space (or USB stick, memory card or external drive but see LiveCD for an alternative approach)
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| − | * Either a CD/DVD drive or a USB port for the installer media
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| − | | |
| − | To install Ubuntu into different version OS, please refer [http://119.226.159.19/OER/images/6/6c/Ubuntu_16.04_installation_along_side_Windows_8_or_10.pdf document] for detail steps.
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| − | {| class="wikitable"
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| − | |-
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| − | !'''Telugu'''
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| − | {{#widget:YouTube|id=AVM9aIWrb3A|height=300|width=400}} <br>
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| − | Telugu Video produced by Balaji Sir, UPS Kondapur, Telangana.
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| − | !'''Kannada'''
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| − | {{#widget:YouTube|id=Fs1WvGg0GGc |height=300|width=400}}
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| − | |}
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| − | ====Steps to install Ubuntu====
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| − | # '''Using a DVD?'''<br> It’s easy to install Ubuntu from a DVD. Here’s what you need to do: Put the Ubuntu DVD into the DVD-drive Restart your computer. You should see a welcome screen prompting you to choose your language and giving you the option to install Ubuntu or try it from the DVD.
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| − | # '''Using a USB drive?''' <br> Most newer computers can boot from USB. You should see a welcome screen prompting you to choose your language and giving you the option to install Ubuntu or try it from the USB. If your computer doesn’t automatically do so, you might need to press the F12 key to bring up the boot menu, but be careful not to hold it down - that can cause an error message.
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| − | # '''Prepare to install Ubuntu'''- We recommend you plug your computer into a power source
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| − | # '''Enough space''' You should also make sure you have '''enough space''' on your computer to install Ubuntu. We advise you to select Download updates while installing and Install this third-party software now You should also stay connected to the internet so you can get the latest updates while you install Ubuntu If you are not connected to the internet, you will be asked to select a wireless network, if available. We advise you to connect during the installation so we can ensure your machine is up to date
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| − | # '''Allocate drive space'''- Use the check boxes to choose whether you’d like to Install Ubuntu alongside another operating system, delete your existing operating system and replace it with Ubuntu, or — if you’re an advanced user — choose the ’Something else’ option
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| − | # '''Begin the installation''' Depending on your previous selections, you can now verify that you have chosen the way in which you would like to install Ubuntu. The installation process will begin when you click the Install Now button. Ubuntu needs about 4.5 GB to install, so add a few extra GB to allow for your files.
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| − | # '''Select your location'''- If you are connected to the internet, this should be done automatically. Check your location is correct and click ’Forward’ to proceed. If you’re unsure of your time zone, type the name of the town you’re in or click on the map and we’ll help you find it. Select your preferred keyboard layout Click on the language option you need. If you’re not sure, click the ’Detect Keyboard Layout’ button for help.
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| − | # Enter your '''login and password''' details<br> After this, Install process will get start and it may take 20-40 min to complete. once its done it will ask you to remove the device and restart that system.
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| − | ====Get Applications, Places (Gnome)menu====
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| − | After login into you Ubuntu and if it is not showing Applications and places menu option, you just logout from your user and click on the Ubuntu icon (in front of your user name)<gallery mode="packed" heights="180px" caption="Opening kdenlive from menu option">
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| − | File:Ubuntu login screen-gnome.png|Click on Ubuntu icon from login screen
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| − | File:Gnome session.jpg|none|Change to Gnome classic compize or metacity
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| − | </gallery>and here select the '''Gnome flashback(metacity)''' and now login to your username with password. see the below gif for your reference.
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| − | | |
| − | [[File:How to change your Desktop environment - gnome .gif|link=http://troer.telangana.gov.in/OER/index.php/File:How_to_change_your_Desktop_environment_-_gnome_.gif]]
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| − | | |
| − | '''NOTE:''' If you are not able to find any icons in the login screen, means you need to install this gnome flashback packages to get Applications, places menu. Follow the below steps to install it in your ubuntu computer.
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| − | | |
| − | You have to use terminal for installing this application. Applications -> System tools -> Terminal or key board shortcut '''Ctrl+Alt+T'''.
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| − | #Once terminal window is open, in front of dollar($) symbol just type below command.
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| − | #sudo apt update && sudo apt-get install kdenlive
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| − | #Then, just type your ubuntu password(it will not display on your screen), press Enter.
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| − | After you complete the installation, follow the above steps to switch to gnome.
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| − | ===References===
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| − | #[https://wiki.ubuntu.com/Releases Ubuntu releases]
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| − | #[https://wiki.ubuntu.com/LTS Ubuntu LTS]
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| − | #[https://www.google.co.in/webhp?sourceid=chrome-instant&ion=1&espv=2&ie=UTF-8#q=ubuntu%20wikipedia Wikipedia]
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| − | #[http://karnatakaeducation.org.in/KOER/en/index.php/Kalpavriksha Kalpavriksha]
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| − | | |
| − | [[Category:Explore an application]]
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| − | |}
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